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Questions and Answers
What is the unit of hardness of water?
What is the primary method used to determine the hardness of water?
What is the primary disadvantage of hard water in boilers?
What is the process used to remove hardness from water by exchanging ions?
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What is the term used to describe the formation of cracks in boiler tubes due to hard water?
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Which of the following is a type of hardness of water?
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What is the purpose of adding zeolite in the Zeolite process of water softening?
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What is the primary cause of caustic embrittlement in boilers?
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Which of the following is a disadvantage of hard water in boilers?
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What is the principle behind Reverse Osmosis (RO) method of water softening?
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What is the primary reason for the formation of sludge in boilers when using hard water?
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What is the primary advantage of using the Ion exchange process over the Zeolite process for water softening?
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What is the primary cause of foaming in boilers when using hard water?
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What is the primary disadvantage of using Reverse Osmosis (RO) method for water softening?
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What is the primary reason for the formation of scale in boilers when using hard water?
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Study Notes
Water Treatment and Analysis
- Hardness of water: Refers to the presence of multivalent cations, particularly calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+), which can cause scaling and other problems.
Types of Hardness
- Temporary hardness: Caused by the presence of bicarbonate salts, which can be removed by boiling.
- Permanent hardness: Caused by the presence of non-bicarbonate salts, which cannot be removed by boiling.
Unit of Hardness
- Parts per million (ppm): A unit of measurement for hardness, expressed as milligrams per liter (mg/L) of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
Determination of Hardness
- EDTA method: A complexometric titration method used to determine the hardness of water by reacting EDTA with calcium and magnesium ions.
Disadvantages of Hard Water
- Scale and Sludge formation: Deposits of calcium and magnesium salts can form on surfaces, reducing efficiency and causing damage.
- Caustic embrittlement: Hard water can cause corrosion of metal pipes and boilers.
- Priming and Foaming: Hard water can cause priming and foaming in boilers, leading to inefficiencies and damage.
Boiler Troubles
- Boiler corrosion: Hard water can cause corrosion of boiler surfaces, leading to damage and inefficiencies.
Softening of Water
- Zeolite process: A method of softening water by exchanging sodium ions for calcium and magnesium ions, using natural or synthetic zeolites.
- Ion exchange process: A method of softening water by exchanging resin-bound ions for calcium and magnesium ions.
- Reverse Osmosis (RO): A method of softening water by using a semi-permeable membrane to remove ions and other impurities.
Numerical Problems
- Calculations of hardness: Involves calculating the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions in water using the EDTA method.
- Zeolite process calculations: Involves calculating the amount of zeolite required to soften water based on the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions.
Water Treatment and Analysis
- Hardness of water: Refers to the presence of multivalent cations, particularly calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+), which can cause scaling and other problems.
Types of Hardness
- Temporary hardness: Caused by the presence of bicarbonate salts, which can be removed by boiling.
- Permanent hardness: Caused by the presence of non-bicarbonate salts, which cannot be removed by boiling.
Unit of Hardness
- Parts per million (ppm): A unit of measurement for hardness, expressed as milligrams per liter (mg/L) of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
Determination of Hardness
- EDTA method: A complexometric titration method used to determine the hardness of water by reacting EDTA with calcium and magnesium ions.
Disadvantages of Hard Water
- Scale and Sludge formation: Deposits of calcium and magnesium salts can form on surfaces, reducing efficiency and causing damage.
- Caustic embrittlement: Hard water can cause corrosion of metal pipes and boilers.
- Priming and Foaming: Hard water can cause priming and foaming in boilers, leading to inefficiencies and damage.
Boiler Troubles
- Boiler corrosion: Hard water can cause corrosion of boiler surfaces, leading to damage and inefficiencies.
Softening of Water
- Zeolite process: A method of softening water by exchanging sodium ions for calcium and magnesium ions, using natural or synthetic zeolites.
- Ion exchange process: A method of softening water by exchanging resin-bound ions for calcium and magnesium ions.
- Reverse Osmosis (RO): A method of softening water by using a semi-permeable membrane to remove ions and other impurities.
Numerical Problems
- Calculations of hardness: Involves calculating the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions in water using the EDTA method.
- Zeolite process calculations: Involves calculating the amount of zeolite required to soften water based on the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions.
Water Treatment and Analysis
- Hardness of water: Refers to the presence of multivalent cations, particularly calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+), which can cause scaling and other problems.
Types of Hardness
- Temporary hardness: Caused by the presence of bicarbonate salts, which can be removed by boiling.
- Permanent hardness: Caused by the presence of non-bicarbonate salts, which cannot be removed by boiling.
Unit of Hardness
- Parts per million (ppm): A unit of measurement for hardness, expressed as milligrams per liter (mg/L) of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
Determination of Hardness
- EDTA method: A complexometric titration method used to determine the hardness of water by reacting EDTA with calcium and magnesium ions.
Disadvantages of Hard Water
- Scale and Sludge formation: Deposits of calcium and magnesium salts can form on surfaces, reducing efficiency and causing damage.
- Caustic embrittlement: Hard water can cause corrosion of metal pipes and boilers.
- Priming and Foaming: Hard water can cause priming and foaming in boilers, leading to inefficiencies and damage.
Boiler Troubles
- Boiler corrosion: Hard water can cause corrosion of boiler surfaces, leading to damage and inefficiencies.
Softening of Water
- Zeolite process: A method of softening water by exchanging sodium ions for calcium and magnesium ions, using natural or synthetic zeolites.
- Ion exchange process: A method of softening water by exchanging resin-bound ions for calcium and magnesium ions.
- Reverse Osmosis (RO): A method of softening water by using a semi-permeable membrane to remove ions and other impurities.
Numerical Problems
- Calculations of hardness: Involves calculating the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions in water using the EDTA method.
- Zeolite process calculations: Involves calculating the amount of zeolite required to soften water based on the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions.
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Description
This quiz covers the concept of hardness of water, its types, and units of measurement. Understand the differences between temporary and permanent hardness and how to analyze water hardness.
