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Questions and Answers

What is a common requirement for all types of penetrants?

The surface of the component to be heated before application

The surface of the component to be cooled before application

The surface of the component to be perfectly clean and free of oil, grease and other contaminants (correct)

The surface of the component to be roughened before application

What is the purpose of an emulsifier in post-emulsifying penetrant?

To control the amount of penetrant removed (correct)

To mix with the penetrant before application

To remove the penetrant from the surface

To treat the surface before applying the penetrant

How is a solvent-removable penetrant typically removed?

By submerging the part in a solvent

By using a towel with a solvent applied to it (correct)

By using compressed air

By spraying a solvent directly onto the surface

What is the purpose of a developer in the liquid penetrant process?

To enhance the visibility of defects Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of using a non-aqueous developer?

It allows for a more rapid drying of the developer Signup and view all the answers

What type of light is used to visualize fluorescent dye?

Ultraviolet light Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary material requirement for using magnetic particle inspection?

Ferrous material Signup and view all the answers

What causes the creation of an additional pair of magnetic poles in magnetic particle inspection?

A crack in the material Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of magnetising the part being tested in magnetic particle inspection?

To create a magnetic field Signup and view all the answers

What is required to achieve effective magnetic particle inspection?

The correct orientation of the magnetic field Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical factor in selecting an NDI technique?

The degree of inspection sensitivity required Signup and view all the answers

What is the desired orientation of the magnetic field in relation to the crack?

Perpendicular to the crack Signup and view all the answers

What is used to magnetise the part under test in magnetic particle inspection?

An electric current Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a visual inspection in NDI?

To assess the integrity of an aeronautical product Signup and view all the answers

What can enhance the visual inspection procedure?

Using appropriate combinations of light sources, magnifying instruments and mirrors Signup and view all the answers

What can be used to assist with visual inspections?

Borescopes and video scanners Signup and view all the answers

What can be quickly determined by viewing 'shine' or 'shadow' during a visual inspection?

Cracks Signup and view all the answers

What is affected by the maximum acceptable defect size and distribution?

The factors affecting the inspection Signup and view all the answers

What type of materials can be inspected using ultrasonic inspection?

Composite components, plastics, ceramics, and metals Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the coupling medium in ultrasonic testing?

To couple the transducer to the item under test Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the ultrasonic wave when it strikes an interrupting object?

It is absorbed or reflected back to the surface Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the transducer element?

To convert electrical energy to mechanical energy Signup and view all the answers

What type of display is used to show the ultrasonic signals?

Both oscilloscope and chart recorder Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction in which the high-frequency sound wave can be introduced into the part under test?

At an angle to the part surface or along the surface of the part Signup and view all the answers

How does the operator evaluate the indications in ultrasonic inspection?

By comparing the signals with the areas known to be good Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of reference standards in ultrasonic inspection?

To calibrate the ultrasonic equipment Signup and view all the answers

In through-transmission ultrasonic inspection, how many transducers are used?

Two transducers, one on each side of the area Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the signal loss measurement in through-transmission ultrasonic inspection?

A percentage of the original signal strength Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of radiography in NDI?

To inspect the interior of the part Signup and view all the answers

How does radiography work?

By passing X-rays through the part and recording the rays that are not absorbed Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Factors Affecting Inspection

Critical nature of the component affects inspection
Material, size, shape, and weight of the part influence inspection
Type of defect sought and maximum acceptable defect size and distribution are key factors
Part accessibility or portability and number of parts to be inspected also impact inspection
Degree of inspection sensitivity required is an important factor in selecting an NDI technique

Visual Inspection

Most common form of NDI
Enhanced by using appropriate combinations of light sources, magnifying instruments, and mirrors
Borescopes and video scanners are additional tools used to assist with visual inspections
Cracks can be quickly determined by viewing ‘shine’ or ‘shadow’

Liquid Penetrant Process

Three types of penetrant are used: water-soluble, post-emulsifying, and solvent-removable
Surface of the component must be perfectly clean and free of oil, grease, and contaminants
Water-soluble penetrants are the easiest to remove
Post-emulsifying penetrants must be treated with an emulsifier before washing
Solvent-removable penetrants require a solvent to remove

Developers

Two types of developer: fluorescent and coloured
Fluorescent dye is visible in the presence of ultraviolet light
Coloured dye shows up as a red line on the white developer background
Wet developer is a white powder mixed with water
Non-aqueous developer uses a solvent instead of water for rapid drying

Magnetic Particle Inspection

Only usable on parts made using ferrous material
Principle of operation is based on magnetic theory
Crack in the material creates an additional pair of magnetic poles
Magnetic particle inspection is useful for detecting cracks, splits, seams, and voids

Achieving Correct Magnetic Orientation

Orientation of the magnetic field must be perpendicular to that of the crack
Magnetising force is achieved by using an electric current

Ultrasonic Inspection

Suitable method for detecting internal delamination, voids, or inconsistencies in composite components
High-frequency sound wave is introduced into the part under test
Ultrasonic energy does not travel through air, requiring a couplant
Introduced sound is monitored for any significant change as it travels through the part

Through-Transmission Ultrasonic Inspection

Uses two transducers, one on each side of the area to be inspected
Ultrasonic signal is transmitted from one transducer and received by the other
Loss of signal strength is measured by the instrument
Signal loss is compared to a reference standard, and areas with a greater loss are considered defective

Pulse Echo Ultrasonic Inspection

Single-side ultrasonic inspection using pulse echo techniques
Single search unit works as a transmitting and receiving transducer

Radiography

Allows a view into the interior of the part
Accomplished by passing X-rays through the part or assembly being tested
Rays that are not absorbed are recorded onto a film sensitive to X-rays

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