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What is the initial schedule of reinforcement used in behavior programming techniques?

  • Intermittent schedule of reinforcement
  • Continuous schedule of reinforcement (correct)
  • Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
  • Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

    • What is the term for reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly closer to the desired behavior?

  • Chaining
  • Backwards shaping
  • Secondary rewards
  • Shaping (correct)

    • What is the term for linking related behaviors to accomplish a more elaborate goal with sequenced elements?

  • Backwards shaping
  • Chaining (correct)
  • Goal programming
  • Shaping

    • What is the purpose of using an intermittent schedule of reinforcement in behavior programming techniques?

    <p>To maintain the desired behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for teaching and reinforcing behaviors in a step-by-step progression, where the last step is learned first?

    <p>Backwards shaping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of behavior programming techniques?

    <p>To increase the desired behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the 2nd element of patient/client management?

    <p>Evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of child abuse and neglect cases involve neglect?

    <p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is responsible for identifying when to discharge a patient?

    <p>The team collectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the technique that involves the removal of an aversive stimulus contingent on the performance of desired behavior?

    <p>Negative reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the 6 elements of patient/client management?

    <p>To ensure high-quality services and education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many children were reported to be victims of abuse or neglect in 2017?

    <p>700,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of child abuse and neglect cases involve maltreatment by the mother?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach to goal setting in pediatric physical therapy practice?

    <p>Focus on the child's and family's needs, values, and function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key element in a child's motivation, learning, and development?

    <p>Unstructured play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of using an Interest Inventory with children?

    <p>To identify the personal interests of a child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should a child's motivation be assessed?

    <p>At least once a year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of adults in facilitating motivation in children?

    <p>To help children enhance and maintain participation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary influence on a child's motivation to learn?

    <p>Personal interest and enjoyment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in enhancing intrinsic motivation in children?

    <p>Giving children opportunities to evaluate their own accomplishments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to allow children to be as independent as possible?

    <p>To promote self-motivation and independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of enhancing intrinsic motivation in children?

    <p>Promotion of self-regulation and independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can adults promote self-motivation in children?

    <p>By allowing children to make choices and take ownership of their learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between motor persistence skills and learning motivation?

    <p>Motor persistence skills have a positive impact on learning motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a systems review, which system is assessed for strength and postural control?

    <p>Neuromuscular system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of a physical therapist when working with children with ASD?

    <p>Enhancing functional skills and participation in daily life activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a standardized outcome measure used to assess gross motor skills in children with ASD?

    <p>Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of motor performance in children with ASD?

    <p>Lower performance compared to children matched for chronological age and cognitive level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effective strategy for increasing opportunities for successful engagement in children with ASD?

    <p>Using a picture schedule to create structure and a predictable environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using adapted recreational activities in the community for children with ASD?

    <p>Structured physical activity opportunities with social and behavioral supports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common early sign of ASD in infants and toddlers?

    <p>Impaired imitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of team-based development of goals for children with ASD?

    <p>Increasing participation in daily life activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a picture schedule for children with ASD?

    <p>To create structure and a predictable environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of providing a rationale for activities in a mastery climate?

    <p>To provide a clear understanding of the task's objectives and expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of motor imitation capabilities in children with ASD during the critical window of development (12-24 months)?

    <p>Increased effort during imitation tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the substantial effect of using competition unwisely in a mastery climate?

    <p>Undermining effect on motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using intrinsic, non-tangible rewards in a mastery climate?

    <p>Promotion of intrinsic motivation and enjoyment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of using praise effectively with children in a mastery climate?

    <p>To strengthen behavior and build self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach to providing positive feedback in a mastery climate?

    <p>Using descriptive, specific praise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of promoting a mastery climate in a learning environment?

    <p>A more positive environment and stronger relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach to using rewards in a mastery climate?

    <p>Using intangible rewards, such as praise and recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of providing choice in a mastery climate?

    <p>Promotion of autonomy and self-directed learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Physical Therapist Practice in Pediatric Settings

    • 6 elements of patient/client management:
      • Exam (hx, systems review)
      • Eval (test, measures)
      • Diagnosis (include child, family, school staff)
      • Prognosis
      • Intervention
      • Outcomes
    • Team collaboration and decisions are key; child/family are essential team members
    • Support children and families to actively engage throughout all elements of care
    • Ensure person/family-centered services through coordination, communication, and documentation
    • Write goals for practice setting, focusing on child/family needs, values, and function
    • Use family-friendly language in documentation and discussions to ensure health literacy

    Child Abuse and Neglect

    • 700,000 children affected in 2017
    • Majority (75%) of cases involved neglect
    • Majority (70%) of maltreatment was perpetrated by mothers
    • Youngest children are most vulnerable
    • Avoid using negative reinforcement techniques in physical therapy

    Behavior Programming Techniques

    • Goal: increase desired behavior
    • Initial strategy: continuous schedule of reinforcement
    • Gradually transition to intermittent schedule of reinforcement and secondary rewards
    • Techniques:
      • Shaping: reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly closer to desired behavior
      • Chaining: linking related behaviors to accomplish a more elaborate goal
      • Backwards shaping: teaching and reinforcing behaviors in a step-by-step progression

    Unstructured Play and Motivation

    • Unstructured play is essential for child's motivation, learning, and development
    • Increase motivation by:
      • Allowing self-selection
      • Providing access to a variety of options
      • Actively involving children in sharing with others
      • Identifying personal interests

    Interest Inventories and Motivation

    • Interest Inventory: a self-assessment tool to identify personal interests
    • Use to track motivation and adjust strategies accordingly
    • Children learn from everything they do and are naturally curious, wanting to explore and discover
    • Increase pleasure and success to increase motivation and learning

    Enhancing Intrinsic Motivation

    • 7 strategies to enhance intrinsic motivation:
      • Provide a developmentally appropriate environment
      • Allow sufficient time for persistence
      • Allow child to be as independent as possible
      • Provide opportunities for child and adult to explore together
      • Give an acceptable challenge
      • Give child opportunities to evaluate own accomplishments
      • Do not use excessive rewards

    Factors to Increase Intrinsic Motivation

    • Promote a mastery climate
    • Provide positive feedback
    • Provide choice
    • Promote goal setting
    • Use competition wisely
    • Provide a rationale for activities
    • Promote social interactions

    Using Praise Effectively

    • Praise: a form of positive reinforcement combining attention and positive verbal statement
    • Benefits:
      • Strengthens behavior
      • Builds self-esteem
      • Promotes relationship development
      • Leads to a more positive environment

    Exam: Systems Review

    • Musculoskeletal system: assess ankle dorsiflexion ROM if toe-walking is present
    • Neuromuscular system: assess strength and postural control; hypotonia is common
    • Sensory-motor and sensory processing: assess specific concerns
    • Cardiovascular and pulmonary systems: assess specific concerns if child is obese or has a highly sedentary lifestyle

    Exam: Tests and Measures

    • Muscle strength: observation or manual muscle testing if able
    • Joint ROM: assess range of motion
    • Balance: assess static and dynamic balance
    • Gait Assessment: assess gross motor skills
    • Standardized outcome measures: assess developmental delay and gross motor skills
    • Functional Outcome Measures: assess participation in daily life activities
    • Participation Outcome Measures: assess participation and enjoyment in activities

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