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Questions and Answers

What is the initial schedule of reinforcement used in behavior programming techniques?

Intermittent schedule of reinforcement

Continuous schedule of reinforcement (correct)

Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

What is the term for reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly closer to the desired behavior?

Chaining

Backwards shaping

Secondary rewards

Shaping (correct)

What is the term for linking related behaviors to accomplish a more elaborate goal with sequenced elements?

Backwards shaping

Chaining (correct)

Goal programming

Shaping

What is the purpose of using an intermittent schedule of reinforcement in behavior programming techniques?

To maintain the desired behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for teaching and reinforcing behaviors in a step-by-step progression, where the last step is learned first?

Backwards shaping Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of behavior programming techniques?

To increase the desired behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the 2nd element of patient/client management?

Evaluation Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of child abuse and neglect cases involve neglect?

75% Signup and view all the answers

Who is responsible for identifying when to discharge a patient?

The team collectively Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the technique that involves the removal of an aversive stimulus contingent on the performance of desired behavior?

Negative reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the 6 elements of patient/client management?

To ensure high-quality services and education Signup and view all the answers

How many children were reported to be victims of abuse or neglect in 2017?

700,000 Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of child abuse and neglect cases involve maltreatment by the mother?

70% Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach to goal setting in pediatric physical therapy practice?

Focus on the child's and family's needs, values, and function Signup and view all the answers

What is a key element in a child's motivation, learning, and development?

Unstructured play Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of using an Interest Inventory with children?

To identify the personal interests of a child Signup and view all the answers

How often should a child's motivation be assessed?

At least once a year Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of adults in facilitating motivation in children?

To help children enhance and maintain participation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary influence on a child's motivation to learn?

Personal interest and enjoyment Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in enhancing intrinsic motivation in children?

Giving children opportunities to evaluate their own accomplishments Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to allow children to be as independent as possible?

To promote self-motivation and independence Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of enhancing intrinsic motivation in children?

Promotion of self-regulation and independence Signup and view all the answers

How can adults promote self-motivation in children?

By allowing children to make choices and take ownership of their learning Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between motor persistence skills and learning motivation?

Motor persistence skills have a positive impact on learning motivation Signup and view all the answers

During a systems review, which system is assessed for strength and postural control?

Neuromuscular system Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of a physical therapist when working with children with ASD?

Enhancing functional skills and participation in daily life activities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a standardized outcome measure used to assess gross motor skills in children with ASD?

Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of motor performance in children with ASD?

Lower performance compared to children matched for chronological age and cognitive level Signup and view all the answers

What is an effective strategy for increasing opportunities for successful engagement in children with ASD?

Using a picture schedule to create structure and a predictable environment Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of using adapted recreational activities in the community for children with ASD?

Structured physical activity opportunities with social and behavioral supports Signup and view all the answers

What is a common early sign of ASD in infants and toddlers?

Impaired imitation Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of team-based development of goals for children with ASD?

Increasing participation in daily life activities Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a picture schedule for children with ASD?

To create structure and a predictable environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of providing a rationale for activities in a mastery climate?

To provide a clear understanding of the task's objectives and expectations Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of motor imitation capabilities in children with ASD during the critical window of development (12-24 months)?

Increased effort during imitation tasks Signup and view all the answers

What is the substantial effect of using competition unwisely in a mastery climate?

Undermining effect on motivation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using intrinsic, non-tangible rewards in a mastery climate?

Promotion of intrinsic motivation and enjoyment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of using praise effectively with children in a mastery climate?

To strengthen behavior and build self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach to providing positive feedback in a mastery climate?

Using descriptive, specific praise Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of promoting a mastery climate in a learning environment?

A more positive environment and stronger relationships Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach to using rewards in a mastery climate?

Using intangible rewards, such as praise and recognition Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of providing choice in a mastery climate?

Promotion of autonomy and self-directed learning Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Physical Therapist Practice in Pediatric Settings

6 elements of patient/client management:
- Exam (hx, systems review)
- Eval (test, measures)
- Diagnosis (include child, family, school staff)
- Prognosis
- Intervention
- Outcomes
Team collaboration and decisions are key; child/family are essential team members
Support children and families to actively engage throughout all elements of care
Ensure person/family-centered services through coordination, communication, and documentation
Write goals for practice setting, focusing on child/family needs, values, and function
Use family-friendly language in documentation and discussions to ensure health literacy

Child Abuse and Neglect

700,000 children affected in 2017
Majority (75%) of cases involved neglect
Majority (70%) of maltreatment was perpetrated by mothers
Youngest children are most vulnerable
Avoid using negative reinforcement techniques in physical therapy

Behavior Programming Techniques

Goal: increase desired behavior
Initial strategy: continuous schedule of reinforcement
Gradually transition to intermittent schedule of reinforcement and secondary rewards
Techniques:
- Shaping: reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly closer to desired behavior
- Chaining: linking related behaviors to accomplish a more elaborate goal
- Backwards shaping: teaching and reinforcing behaviors in a step-by-step progression

Unstructured Play and Motivation

Unstructured play is essential for child's motivation, learning, and development
Increase motivation by:
- Allowing self-selection
- Providing access to a variety of options
- Actively involving children in sharing with others
- Identifying personal interests

Interest Inventories and Motivation

Interest Inventory: a self-assessment tool to identify personal interests
Use to track motivation and adjust strategies accordingly
Children learn from everything they do and are naturally curious, wanting to explore and discover
Increase pleasure and success to increase motivation and learning

Enhancing Intrinsic Motivation

7 strategies to enhance intrinsic motivation:
- Provide a developmentally appropriate environment
- Allow sufficient time for persistence
- Allow child to be as independent as possible
- Provide opportunities for child and adult to explore together
- Give an acceptable challenge
- Give child opportunities to evaluate own accomplishments
- Do not use excessive rewards

Factors to Increase Intrinsic Motivation

Promote a mastery climate
Provide positive feedback
Provide choice
Promote goal setting
Use competition wisely
Provide a rationale for activities
Promote social interactions

Using Praise Effectively

Praise: a form of positive reinforcement combining attention and positive verbal statement
Benefits:
- Strengthens behavior
- Builds self-esteem
- Promotes relationship development
- Leads to a more positive environment

Exam: Systems Review

Musculoskeletal system: assess ankle dorsiflexion ROM if toe-walking is present
Neuromuscular system: assess strength and postural control; hypotonia is common
Sensory-motor and sensory processing: assess specific concerns
Cardiovascular and pulmonary systems: assess specific concerns if child is obese or has a highly sedentary lifestyle

Exam: Tests and Measures

Muscle strength: observation or manual muscle testing if able
Joint ROM: assess range of motion
Balance: assess static and dynamic balance
Gait Assessment: assess gross motor skills
Standardized outcome measures: assess developmental delay and gross motor skills
Functional Outcome Measures: assess participation in daily life activities
Participation Outcome Measures: assess participation and enjoyment in activities

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