Fisiologia Ultimo
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Questions and Answers

No decorrer da atividade física:

  • A temperatura interna aumenta e a externa baixa fisiologicamente;
  • A temperatura externa aumenta fisiologicamente;
  • A temperatura interna aumenta fisiologicamente; (correct)
  • Nenhuma das alíneas anteriores

O mecanismo de termorregulação visa:

  • Desencadear respostas agudas que mantenham a temperatura interna perante exposições ao frio ou ao calor; (correct)
  • Desencadear respostas crónicas que mantenham a temperatura interna perante exposições ao frio ou ao calor;
  • Desencadear respostas agudas que aumentem a temperatura interna perante exposições ao frio ou ao calor;
  • Nenhuma das alíneas anteriores.

A vasoconstrição cutânea é:

  • Uma reação química que possibilita o aumento ou redução da temperatura interna de acordo com as necessidades fisiológicas;
  • Uma das principais respostas ao frio de forma a aumentar a temperatura (correct)
  • Uma das principais respostas ao calor de forma a diminuir a temperatura;
  • Nenhuma das alíneas anteriores.

A frequência de ativação das unidades motoras:

<p>É um fator condicionante de produção de força muscular; (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

O grupo de populações especiais engloba:

<p>Os indivíduos de ambos os géneros, de diferentes faixas etárias com ou sem doença; (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

As crianças apresentam:

<p>Nenhuma das alíneas anteriores. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A criança apresenta menor capacidade ventilatória que os adultos. Alguns dos fatores a que podemos atribuir essa capacidade ventilatória são:

<p>Nenhuma das alíneas anteriores. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

As crianças compensam a sua capacidade cardíaca menor:

<p>Com uma Fc mais elevada e maior extração periférica de O2; (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Um dos fatores a que podemos associar o decréscimo de VO2 máx com o aumento da idade é:

<p>A modificação da composição corporal por perda de massa muscular e aumento de massa gorda; (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Algumas das alterações respiratórias que se dão com a idade são:

<p>Alteração dos parâmetros funcionais, aumento da rigidez da caixa torácica e aumento da ventilação por minuto em exercícios sub-máximos; (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A Sarcopénia pode ser explicada por alterações:

<p>No tecido muscular, sistema endócrino e no processo de controlo muscular; (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Poderemos referir que uma das alterações morfológicas cardiovasculares mais salientes que se associam ao envelhecimento é:

<p>A redução do número de células auto-excitatórias do nódulo sino-auricular (S-A) e menor sensibilidade do coração à adrenalina e noradrenalina; (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A somação de ondas múltiplas é:

<p>A tensão crescente produzida pelo músculo em resposta ao aumento da frequência do estimulo (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

O Fuso Neuromuscular (FNM) informa:

<p>O grau e a velocidade do estiramento muscular; (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

As adaptações fisiológicas agudas à altitude que ocorrem são:

<p>Nenhuma as alíneas anteriores. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

O VO2 máx diminui com a altitude devido:

<p>À diminuição da eficiência circulatória; (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

As adaptações fisiológicas crónicas à altitude que ocorrem são:

<p>Regulação do equilíbrio ácido-base e maior produção de hemácias e hemoglobina; (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A cascata de transporte de O2 explica-nos como a pressão de O2:

<p>Com a subida do nível do mar para altitude, sofre modificações progressivas no meio ambiente e diferentes componentes do corpo, diminuindo assim a PO2; (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

O síndrome de overtraining pode ser definido como:

<p>Acumulação de stress de treino e/ou não treino, resultando numa elevada quebra de performance com ou sem sinais fisiológicos ou psicológicos e sintomas de uma má adaptação em que o período de recuperação completa pode assumir um hiato temporal de meses a anos; (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A fadiga pode ser considerada como:

<p>Fadiga é um estado resultante de constrangimentos fisiológicos e psicológicos que conduz a um decréscimo da performance física e psicológica; (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Thermoregulation during exercise

Maintaining a stable body temperature during physical activity.

Vasoconstriction

The narrowing of blood vessels to reduce heat loss.

Motor unit activation

Increasing the frequency to produce more force and speed during exercise.

Children's ventilatory capacity

Lower than adults due to smaller lungs and other factors.

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Cardiac capacity in children

Compensated by higher heart rate and stroke volume during exercise.

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Age-related decline in VO2 max

Caused by reduced muscle mass and mitochondrial density.

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Respiratory changes with age

Decreased lung capacity, diffusion, and oxygen affinity.

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Sarcopenia

Muscle loss due to changes in muscle fiber type, protein synthesis, and hormones.

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Arterial stiffness

Increase in blood vessel rigidity with age.

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Neuromuscular function

Summation of nerve impulses for rapid muscle responses.

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FNM (Fuso Neuromuscular)

Provides information about neuromuscular function and nervous system-muscle connection.

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Acute high-altitude adaptation

Increased breathing, heart rate, and output to compensate for low oxygen.

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VO2 max decrease at high altitude

Lower oxygen availability reduces aerobic exercise capacity.

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Chronic high-altitude adaptation

Increased red blood cells, myoglobin, and mitochondrial density to improve oxygen use.

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Oxygen transport cascade

Oxygen pressure affects hemoglobin binding and transport to tissues.

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Overtraining syndrome

Severe fatigue, poor performance, and impaired body function from over-exercise.

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Fatigue

Temporary decline in performance from strenuous exercise.

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Special Populations

Groups such as children, pregnant women, and elderly with unique responses to exercise.

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Study Notes

Thermoregulation During Physical Activity

  • The thermoregulation mechanism aims to maintain a stable body temperature during exercise.

Vasoconstriction and Motor Units

  • Vasoconstriction is the constriction of blood vessels that helps to reduce heat loss during exercise.
  • The frequency of motor unit activation is increased during exercise to generate more force and speed.

Special Populations

  • The special population group includes children, pregnant women, and elderly individuals who have unique physiological responses to exercise.
  • Children have a lower ventilatory capacity compared to adults, which can be attributed to factors such as smaller lung volume, lower diffusion capacity, and higher oxygen affinity.

Cardiovascular Adaptations in Children

  • Children compensate for their lower cardiac capacity by increasing their heart rate and stroke volume during exercise.
  • One of the factors contributing to the decline in VO2 max with age is the reduction in muscle mass and mitochondrial density.

Respiratory Changes with Age

  • Some of the respiratory changes that occur with age include a decrease in lung volume, diffusion capacity, and oxygen affinity.

Sarcopenia

  • Sarcopenia can be explained by changes in muscle fiber composition, muscle protein synthesis, and hormonal changes.

Cardiovascular Morphological Changes with Age

  • One of the most significant morphological changes in the cardiovascular system with age is the increase in arterial stiffness.

Neuromuscular Function

  • The summation of multiple waves is a key aspect of neuromuscular function, allowing for the rapid transmission of nerve impulses.

Fuso Neuromuscular (FNM)

  • The FNM provides information on the neuromuscular function and the relationship between the nervous system and muscle fibers.

Acute Adaptations to High Altitude

  • The acute physiological adaptations to high altitude include increased ventilation, heart rate, and cardiac output to compensate for the lower oxygen availability.

Decrease in VO2 Max with Altitude

  • The VO2 max decreases with altitude due to the lower oxygen availability, which affects aerobic exercise performance.

Chronic Adaptations to High Altitude

  • The chronic physiological adaptations to high altitude include increased red blood cell count, myoglobin, and mitochondrial density to enhance oxygen delivery and utilization.

Oxygen Transport Cascade

  • The oxygen transport cascade explains how oxygen pressure affects the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin and its transport to the tissues.

Overtraining Syndrome

  • The overtraining syndrome can be defined as a state of chronic fatigue, decreased performance, and impaired physiological function resulting from excessive and prolonged exercise.

Fatigue

  • Fatigue can be considered as a temporary and reversible decline in physical performance, whereas overtraining syndrome is a more severe and prolonged condition.

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