UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION
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Questions and Answers

What is the causative agent of epiglottitis?

  • Strep pneumoniae
  • Klepsiella spp
  • Both A and B (correct)
  • H.influenza

    • What type of agar is used to culture samples for diphtheria?

  • Blood tellurite agar (correct)
  • Chocolate agar
  • Blood agar
  • Mac Conkey agar

    • What is a common symptom of upper respiratory tract infections?

  • Diarrhea
  • Headache
  • Vomiting
  • Coughing (correct)

    • What is the purpose of a nasal swap sample in laboratory diagnosis?

    <p>To diagnose upper respiratory tract infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is commonly used to treat pertussis?

    <p>Erythromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a VITEK test?

    <p>To identify bacterial antibiotic susceptibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a normal flora of the upper respiratory tract?

    <p>Streptococcus pyogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism of host defense in the respiratory tract?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathogens is responsible for laryngeal TB of URT?

    <p>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of tonsillitis and pharyngitis in children?

    <p>Streptococcus pyogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common mode of transmission of upper respiratory tract infections?

    <p>Contact with hands and utensils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is NOT associated with the upper respiratory tract?

    <p>Meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathogens is responsible for sinusitis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the mucociliary escalator in the respiratory tract?

    <p>To trap pathogens and remove them from the respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

    • The upper respiratory tract consists of nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx.
    • Normal flora of the upper respiratory tract includes:
      • Streptococcus
      • Staphylococcus
      • Neisseria spp.
      • Diphtheroids
      • Haemophilus spp.
      • Bacteroides
      • Candida spp.
      • Mycoplasma
      • Fusobacterium
      • Actinomyces

    Host Defense Mechanisms of the Respiratory Tract

    • Coughing and sneezing
    • Presence of normal flora
    • Nasal hair
    • Cilia
    • Mucociliary escalator
    • Secretion of IgA antibody
    • Macrophages eradicate microbes in the lungs

    Pathogens of the Upper Respiratory Tract

    • Streptococcus pyogenes (strep A)
    • Staphylococcus aureus
    • Corynebacterium diphtheria
    • Haemophilus influenzae (immunocompromised patients)
    • Streptococcus pneumoniae (sinusitis)
    • Moraxella catarrhalis (sinusitis)
    • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
    • Chlamydia pneumoniae
    • Bordetella pertussis
    • Legionella pneumophila
    • Mycobacterium tuberculosis (laryngeal TB of URT)
    • Some enterobacteria

    Transmission of Infection

    • Coughing
    • Sneezing
    • Contact with hands
    • Utensils

    Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract

    • Tonsillitis and pharyngitis
    • Laryngitis (Strep pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis)
    • Sinusitis (H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, M. catarrhalis, S. pyogenes and some gram-negative)
    • Diphtheria (C. diphtheria)
    • Whooping cough (Bordetella pertussis)
    • Epiglottitis (H. influenza, parainfluenza, Strep pneumoniae, Staph aureus, Klebsiella spp)
    • Otitis media (S. pneumoniae, H. influenza, M. catarrhalis)

    Symptoms of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

    • Coughing
    • Sore throat (pain)
    • Fever
    • Myalgia
    • Fatigue
    • Pain when swallowing

    Laboratory Diagnoses

    • Samples: throat swab, nasal swab, nasopharyngeal swab (for otitis media, ear swab)
    • Culture: blood agar and chocolate agar, incubated aerobically for 24h at 37°C
    • If requested, culture on blood tellurite for diphtheria (black colonies)
    • Confirmatory tests: catalase, coagulase, optichin disk (Strep. pneumoniae), bacitracin disk (strep A), Lancefield grouping (hemolytic strep)
    • VITEK, serology, PCR (direct smears are not routinely done)

    Treatment of URT Infections

    • Self-limiting
    • Penicillin
    • Cephalosporin
    • Amoxicillin
    • Erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, and trimethoprim can be used for pertussis

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