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Questions and Answers

What are the two components of an epidemiological measure?

  • Malnutrition and malaria
  • Health status and health events
  • Numerator and denominator (correct)
  • Ratio and proportion

    • What is a numerator in an epidemiological measure?

  • The relationship between two random quantities
  • The mathematical quantity used to measure health status
  • The population at risk
  • The number of times an event has occurred (correct)

    • What is a denominator in an epidemiological measure?

  • The number of times an event has occurred
  • The mathematical quantity used to measure health status
  • The population at risk or the population in which cases exist or have occurred (correct)
  • The health status of a population

    • What is a ratio in an epidemiological measure?

    <p>A mathematical quantity obtained by dividing one quantity by another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a proportion in an epidemiological measure?

    <p>A comparison of a part to the whole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of epidemiological measures?

    <p>To evaluate the effectiveness of disease prevention and treatment measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of epidemiology?

    <p>To study the distribution of health-related events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the objective of descriptive epidemiology?

    <p>To provide the what, who, when, and where of health-related events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the frequency and pattern of health-related events?

    <p>Descriptive epidemiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of analytic epidemiology?

    <p>To compare rates of disease occurrence among groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the factors that influence the occurrence of health-related events?

    <p>Determinants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the causes and other factors that influence the occurrence of health-related events?

    <p>Analytic epidemiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of epidemiology in terms of populations?

    <p>Specified populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the application of epidemiology to control health problems?

    <p>Application of study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a communicable disease?

    <p>An illness due to specific infectious agent or its toxic products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an epidemic?

    <p>The rapid spread of disease to a large number of patients among a given population within an area in a short period of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a pandemic?

    <p>A disease that spreads across countries or continents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an infection?

    <p>The entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in human or animal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is contamination?

    <p>The presence of an infectious agent on a body, clothes, surfaces, substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an infectious disease?

    <p>A clinically manifest disease of human or animal resulting from an infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nosocomial infection?

    <p>An infection that occurs in a hospital or other health facility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an opportunistic infection?

    <p>An infection by an organism that takes the opportunity provided by a defect in host defense to infect the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of a rate?

    <p>Denominator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of study is used to obtain incidence?

    <p>Longitudinal study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is prevalence?

    <p>The number of existing cases of a disease in a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of measuring mortality?

    <p>To identify priorities for health action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crude mortality rate?

    <p>The total number of deaths in a population from all causes per year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a case fatality rate?

    <p>The tendency of a disease to cause death in affected individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a proportional mortality rate?

    <p>The proportion of deaths in a population attributable to a specific disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a survival rate?

    <p>The proportion of individuals who survive a disease for a specific period of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of measuring incidence and prevalence?

    <p>To measure the frequency of a disease in a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the numerator and denominator in a rate?

    <p>The numerator is the number of cases and the denominator is the total population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of study describes the experience of a single patient or group of patients with similar diagnosis or clinical presentation?

    <p>Case-report</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of ecological studies?

    <p>Relating exposure and disease at the region and population level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of study is characterized by defining a population according to the presence or absence of a factor that might influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease?

    <p>Cohort study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a randomized control trial and a non-randomized trial?

    <p>The method of participant selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of study includes all persons in the population at the time of study or a representative sample of all such persons?

    <p>Cross-sectional study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a descriptive study?

    <p>To describe the characteristics of a population or group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of study is used to measure the prevalence and incidence of a disease?

    <p>Ecological study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of an analytical study?

    <p>It is used to identify risk factors for a disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Epidemiology

    • Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems.

    Objectives of Epidemiology

    • To describe the health status of populations
    • To identify the determinants of health-related events
    • To predict the frequency of disease occurrence
    • To evaluate the effectiveness of health interventions

    Measures of Health

    • Use at least two components: a numerator and a denominator
    • Types of measures:
      • Ratio: a relationship between two quantities
      • Proportion: a comparison of a part to the whole
      • Rate: a measure of the frequency of an event occurring over a specific period

    Epidemiological Studies

    • Types:
      • Experimental studies
      • Non-experimental studies (observational)
        • Descriptive studies
        • Analytical studies
          • Case-control studies
          • Cohort studies

    Descriptive Studies

    • Case report: a detailed report of a single patient or a small group of patients with similar diagnosis or clinical presentation
    • Case series: a collection of case reports
    • Ecological studies: relate exposure and disease at the region and population level
    • Cross-sectional studies: describe the health status of a population at a single point in time

    Analytical Studies

    • Cohort studies: follow a defined population over time to examine the incidence of disease
    • Case-control studies: compare people with a specific outcome (cases) to those without the outcome (controls)

    Terminologies in Epidemiology

    • Communicable disease: an illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic products, capable of being directly or indirectly transmitted
    • Epidemic: the rapid spread of a disease to a large number of people within a short period of time
    • Endemic: the constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographical area or population
    • Pandemic: a disease outbreak that spreads across countries or continents
    • Infection: the entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in humans or animals
    • Nosocomial infection: an infection originating in a patient while in a hospital or other health facility
    • Opportunistic infection: an infection by an organism that takes advantage of a defect in host defense
    • Iatrogenic disease: an adverse consequence of a preventive, diagnostic, or therapeutic regimen or procedure

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