12 Questions
From which segments of the spinal cord does the sympathetic outflow come from?
All thoracic and upper three lumber segments
Which of the following organs is under the control of both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
Urinary bladder
What is the effect of adrenaline on β2 receptors?
Dilates tracheobronchial tree
What is the therapeutic use of adrenaline in treating glaucoma?
On the eye
What is the physiological antidote of histamine?
Adrenaline
What is the cranial division of the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for?
Transmission of signals through cranial nerves III, VI, and X
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
To regulate involuntary functions of the body
Which of the following organs is NOT under parasympathetic tone?
Blood vessels
What is the mechanism by which adrenaline prolongs the effect of local anesthetics?
Vasoconstriction of subcutaneous blood vessels
What is the opposing effect of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems on certain organs?
Antagonistic
What is the therapeutic use of adrenaline in treating bronchial asthma?
Dilates tracheobronchial tree
What is the effect of adrenaline on the iris?
Dilates the pupil
Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System (A.N.S)
- A.N.S is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
- Sympathetic outflow comes from all thoracic and upper three lumber segments of the spinal cord.
- Parasympathetic outflow comes from:
- Cranial division: III, VI, and X cranial nerves.
- Sacral division: 2nd and 3rd sacral segments of the spinal cord.
Organs Under A.N.S Control
- Organs under parasympathetic tone: Heart, G.I.T., urinary tract, and tracheobronchial tree.
- Organs under sympathetic tone: Blood vessels.
- Organs under both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems: Iris and urinary bladder.
Function of A.N.S
- Regulates involuntary functions of the body, such as digestion, circulation, body temperature, and sweat.
- Functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are usually opposing each other.
- The effect on a certain organ is the sum of both effects.
Drugs Acting on Sympathetic N.S: Adrenaline
- Adrenaline is a potent stimulant of both α and β receptors.
- Therapeutic uses:
- Local:
- To stop local bleeding (e.g., epistaxis).
- Added to local anesthetics to prolong their effect.
- Nasal decongestant in common cold.
- On eye to treat glaucoma.
- Systemic:
- Dilates tracheobronchial tree in cases of bronchial asthma.
- Cardiotonic (can be given intracardiac in cases of heart arrest).
- Treats allergy and anaphylactic shock due to its physiologic antidote effect on histamine.
Autonomic Nervous System (A.N.S)
- A.N.S is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
- Sympathetic outflow comes from all thoracic and upper three lumber segments of the spinal cord.
- Parasympathetic outflow comes from:
- Cranial division: III, VI, and X cranial nerves.
- Sacral division: 2nd and 3rd sacral segments of the spinal cord.
Organs Under A.N.S Control
- Organs under parasympathetic tone: Heart, G.I.T., urinary tract, and tracheobronchial tree.
- Organs under sympathetic tone: Blood vessels.
- Organs under both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems: Iris and urinary bladder.
Function of A.N.S
- Regulates involuntary functions of the body, such as digestion, circulation, body temperature, and sweat.
- Functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are usually opposing each other.
- The effect on a certain organ is the sum of both effects.
Drugs Acting on Sympathetic N.S: Adrenaline
- Adrenaline is a potent stimulant of both α and β receptors.
- Therapeutic uses:
- Local:
- To stop local bleeding (e.g., epistaxis).
- Added to local anesthetics to prolong their effect.
- Nasal decongestant in common cold.
- On eye to treat glaucoma.
- Systemic:
- Dilates tracheobronchial tree in cases of bronchial asthma.
- Cardiotonic (can be given intracardiac in cases of heart arrest).
- Treats allergy and anaphylactic shock due to its physiologic antidote effect on histamine.
This quiz covers the structure and function of the Autonomic Nervous System (A.N.S), including the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and the organs they control.
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