Mineralogy and Petrology Set 3

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following must be determined with specific accuracy to obtain a reduced gravity value accurate to ±1 gu?

  • The gravimeter must be read to a precision of ±0.1 gu.
  • The station's latitude must be determined from maps at a scale of 1:10000 or smaller.
  • The station's elevation must be known to ±10 mm.
  • All of the above. (correct)

The statement "Lead and zinc occur in higher crustal levels in many quartz sulphide gold copper epithermal deposits" is:

  • False (correct)
  • No conclusion can be drawn.
  • True

Which alkane range is most likely to form gasoline during petroleum refining?

  • C5-C10 (correct)
  • C11-C13
  • C19-C25
  • C14-C18

Selenite, a variety of gypsum, is also known as:

<p>Satin Spar (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What statistical term refers to a graph of frequency against value?

<p>Histogram (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In geochemical exploration, anomalies are defined to identify areas of interest. In the simplest case, which of the following constitutes significant anomalies?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a calcium pyroxene mineral?

<p>Aegirine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nonmetallic minerals are most commonly classified by:

<p>Use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mathematical operation describes the change in shape of a waveform after passing through a filter?

<p>Convolution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which arc-related sulfidation deposit is highly prevalent in the SW Pacific rim?

<p>Carbonate-base metal gold (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following minerals is a key indicator of the propylitic alteration zone in a porphyry copper system?

<p>Carbonate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of chromite is typically used in bricks and foundry sand due to its heat-resistant properties?

<p>Refractory chromite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In mineral resource classification, which category has the lowest level of geological knowledge and confidence?

<p>Inferred Category (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Deposits formed at depths of 3,000 to 15,000 meters below the surface and at temperatures of 300 to 600°C are categorized as:

<p>Hypothermal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which volcanic rock is compositionally equivalent to Norite?

<p>Basalt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically an ore occurrence in a porphyry copper system?

<p>Cavity fills (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A coarse-grained rock contains 40% potash feldspar, 45% sodic plagioclase, 10% quartz and 5% hornblende. Based on IUGS classification, it is identified as:

<p>Quartz Monzonite (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key requirement for a seismic source used in geophysical surveys?

<p>Minimal signal attenuation with distance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potash feldspar mineral?

<p>Microcline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The world's finest rubies have historically been associated with mines in:

<p>Myanmar (Burma) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of high sulfidation epithermal deposits?

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Which sedimentary feature(s) can be utilized to determine paleocurrent directions?

<p>Ripple marks and cross stratification (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mount Hibok-Hibok, an active volcano, is located in:

<p>Camiguin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of epithermal deposits?

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Which of the following does NOT influence the resistivity of a rock?

<p>Magnetic susceptibility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For most carbonate reservoirs, porosity is:

<p>Secondary in nature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An exploration drill hole is oblique to a strata-bound orebody at 22 degrees. If the apparent thickness of the intercepted core is 200m, what is the true thickness?

<p>74.92m (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'jade' refers to which two distinct minerals?

<p>Jadeite and Nephrite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an important component of magmatic aqueous solutions?

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A vein deposit is intersected by a vertical drillhole at a 22-degree angle at 200m depth. What is the true thickness of the intercepted vein?

<p>185.43m (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a phyllosilicate mineral?

<p>Sodalite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT belong to the garnet group of minerals?

<p>Analcime (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The chemical composition of the copper iron sulfide mineral bornite is:

<p>Cu5FeS4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is closest to the specific gravity of gold?

<p>4.286 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the volcanic equivalent of the plutonic rock Syenite?

<p>Trachyte (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a river flood, where are fine-grained sediments usually deposited?

<p>Floodplain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which crystal system is characterized by three unequal axes, where two axes intersect at an oblique angle and the third is perpendicular?

<p>Monoclinic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cobalt ore mineral?

<p>Pentlandite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an evaporite mineral?

<p>Cristobalite (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the most effective method for elemental analysis of gold?

<p>Fire assay Inductively coupled mass spectrometry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT affect the density of rocks?

<p>Magnetic intensity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of calculation is described as considering mining, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, social, and governmental factors?

<p>Ore reserve calculation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'rudaceous' is synonymous with which of the following?

<p>Psephitic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alkanes in the C14-C18 range are most likely to form which petroleum product?

<p>Diesel (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acoustic impedance is expressed as:

<p>Density x P-wave velocity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A coarse-grained plutonic rock is composed of 65% sodic plagioclase, 30% quartz, and 5% orthoclase. This rock is classified as:

<p>Tonalite (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A mineral company is flying a plane with a magnetometer over an area to detect mineral deposits. Which element is this method most likely to detect?

<p>Iron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When using gravimeters, what precision must be achieved to obtain a reduced gravity value accurate to ±1 gu?

<p>±0.1 gu (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what type of deposit are lead and zinc NOT typically found in higher crustal levels?

<p>Porphyry Copper Deposits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following petroleum products is most likely formed from alkanes in the C5-C10 range during petroleum refining?

<p>Gasoline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which variety of gypsum is characterized by its fibrous appearance and pearly luster?

<p>Satin Spar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of graph represents the frequency distribution of a dataset?

<p>Histogram (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What combination of elemental characteristics defines significant anomalies in geochemical exploration?

<p>Elemental associations reflecting hydrothermal alteration and depletion alongside high values of the element sought (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following calcium pyroxenes contains essential sodium content?

<p>Aegirine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common basis for classifying nonmetallic minerals in industry?

<p>Economic Use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mathematical process describes how a filter modifies the shape of a waveform?

<p>Convolution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of arc-related sulfidation deposit is characterized by carbonate rocks and significant base metal concentrations, and is commonly found in the Southwest Pacific Rim?

<p>Carbonate-Base Metal Gold (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral is characteristically associated with propylitic alteration zones in porphyry copper systems, but is not a key defining mineral?

<p>Carbonate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chromite is specifically valued for its ability to withstand high temperatures, making it suitable for use in bricks and foundry sand?

<p>Refractory Chromite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In mineral resource estimation, which category reflects the lowest level of geological certainty?

<p>Inferred Category (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hydrothermal ore deposit forms at depths of 3,000 to 15,000 meters with temperatures between 300 to 600°C?

<p>Hypothermal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What volcanic rock shares a similar composition to the plutonic rock norite?

<p>Basalt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical mode of copper mineralization within a porphyry copper system?

<p>Massive Sulfide Replacements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the IUGS classification, how would a coarse-grained rock consisting of 40% potash feldspar, 45% sodic plagioclase, 10% quartz, and 5% hornblende be classified?

<p>Quartz Monzonite (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the essential attributes of a seismic source used in geophysical surveys?

<p>Sufficient energy across a broad frequency range, safety, efficiency, environmental acceptability, and repeatable waveform. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potassium-rich feldspar mineral?

<p>Microcline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Historically, what is the primary geographic origin of the world's most highly valued rubies?

<p>Myanmar (Burma) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gasoline Composition

Gasoline is a petroleum product formed from alkanes ranging from C5 to C10.

Selenite's Other Name

Selenite is a crystalline form of gypsum, also known as satin spar.

Histogram Definition

A histogram is a graph of frequency against value used in statistics.

Geochemical Anomalies

In geochemical exploration, significant anomalies are the highest values of the element sought and elemental associations reflecting hydrothermal alteration or depletion.

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Non-Calcium Pyroxene

Aegirine is not a calcium pyroxene mineral.

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Classification of Nonmetallics

Nonmetallic minerals are typically classified by use.

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Convolution Definition

Convolution is a mathematical operation representing the change in shape of a waveform after passing through a filter.

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SW Pacific Deposits

Carbonate-base metal gold deposits are the most prolific arc-related sulfidation deposits in the SW Pacific rim.

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Propylitic Alteration

Carbonate is a key mineral defining the propylitic alteration zone of a porphyry copper system.

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Chromite Uses

Refractory chromite is used in bricks and foundry sand.

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Mineral Resource Category

Inferred category has the least geological knowledge and confidence.

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Hypothermal Formation

Hypothermal deposits form at 3,000 to 15,000 meters below the surface and at temperatures of 300 to 600°C.

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Norite's Volcanic Equivalent

The volcanic equivalent of Norite.

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Porphyry Copper Occurrences

Cavity fills are NOT ore occurrences in a porphyry copper system.

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Quartz Monzonite

A coarse-grained rock with 40% potash feldspar, 45% sodic plagioclase, 10% quartz, and 5% hornblende is classified as Quartz Monzonite.

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Seismic Source Requirements

Sufficient energy across the broadest possible frequency range, the source must be safe, efficient, and environmentally acceptable, and the source waveform must be repeatable.

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Potash Feldspar Mineral

Microcline is a potash feldspar mineral.

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Ruby Origin

The world's finest rubies have historically been associated with mines in Myanmar (Burma).

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High Sulfidation Epithermal

They display a zonation from Cu-rich at deeper levels, grading to Au-rich at higher crustal levels.

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Paleocurrent Indicators

Ripple marks and cross stratification can be used to determine paleocurrent directions.

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Mount Hibok-Hibok Location

Mount Hibok-Hibok is located in Camiguin.

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Epithermal Deposits

They are most well known for the occurrences of gold and silver, as well as mercury, lead and copper.

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Rock Resistivity Factors

Magnetic susceptibility does not influence the resistivity of rock.

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Carbonate Porosity

Carbonate reservoirs often have secondary porosity, created after deposition.

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Drill Hole Thickness Calculation

The new exploration drill hole was set oblique to the strike of a strata bound orebody at 22 degrees. The apparent thickness of the intercepted core is 200m. The true thickness of the intercepted core is 74.92m.

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Jade Minerals

The term jade is applied to two different minerals: Jadeite and Nephrite.

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Magmatic Aqueous

Major oxides not an important component of magmatic aqueous solutions

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Geometry of Vein

A vein deposit was intersected by a vertical drillhole. The vein is inclined at 22 degrees and the vein intercept is at 200m. 185.43.

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Non-Phylosilicate

Sodalite is NOT a phylosilicate.

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Non-Garnet Mineral

Analcime does NOT belong to the garnet group of minerals.

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Bornite Composition

The chemical composition of bornite is Cu5FeS4.

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Syenite Volcanic

A volcanic equivalent of Syenite is Trachyte.

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Floodplain Sediment

When a river bursts its banks, fine-grained sediments are deposited in the Floodplain.

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Crystal System

A crystal system composed of three unequal axes, two oblique, is Triclinic.

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Cobalt Ore Mineral

Pentlandite

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Nonevaporite Mineral

Cristobalite is usually not an evaporite mineral.

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Gold Analysis Method

The best method for elemental analysis of gold is Fire assay ICP-MS.

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Rock Density Factors

Magnetic intensity is NOT a factor affecting rock density.

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Rudaceous Synonym

Rudaceous is synonymous with Psephitic.

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Alkane Petroleum

Alkane in the range of C14-C18 would form Diesel

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Acoustic Impedance

Acoustic impedance is density x P-wave velocity.

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Tonalite Rock

A coarse grained plutonic rock composed of 65% sodic plagioclase; 30 % quartz; 5% orthoclase is called Tonalite

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Element Detector

Magnetometer can be used to detect an element such as Iron.

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Pyrargyrite Equation.

Ag3SbS3 is the chemical formula of Pyrargyrite.

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Garnet Type

Uvarovite: A calcium chromium garnet.

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Pore Definition

Secondary pores in a sedimentary rock are pores that are formed after deposition.

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Sphalerite Color

In carbonate base-metal gold of the arc-related low-sulfidation deposits, sphalerite usually possesses Black color at deepest crustal levels

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Thin Section Calculation

Thickness of a thin section

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Turbidite Sequence

The Bouma sequence has five distinct layers.

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Metamorphic Texture

Poikiloblastic (Sieve texture) metamorphic has a texture wherein porphyroblast contains numerous inclusions of one or more ne grained minerals

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Study Notes

  • The question related to hydrocarbon traps based on a figure is unanswered.

Gravity Surveys

  • A reduced gravity value accurate to ±1 gu requires specific precision in measurements.
  • Gravimeter readings must have a precision of ±0.1 gu.
  • Latitude should be determined from maps with a scale of 1:10000 or smaller.
  • Elevation must be known to ±10 mm.

Ore Deposits

  • Lead and zinc are not typically found in higher crustal levels in quartz sulphide gold copper epithermal deposits.

Petroleum Products

  • Gasoline is composed of alkanes in the range of C5-C10.
  • Diesel is composed of alkanes in the range of C14-C18.

Minerals

  • Selenite is also known as Satin Spar.

Statistics

  • A histogram is a graph displaying frequency against value.

Geochemical Exploration

  • The object of geochemical exploration is to define significant anomalies.
  • Anomalies include the highest values of the element sought, elemental associations reflecting hydrothermal alteration and depletion.

Minerals - Pyroxenes

  • Aegirine isn't a calcium pyroxene mineral like Augite, Diopside, and Hedenbergite.

Nonmetallic Minerals

  • Nonmetallic minerals are classified by use.

Mathematical Operations

  • Convolution is a mathematical operation describing the change in a waveform's shape after passing through a filter.

Ore Deposits - SW Pacific Rim

  • Carbonate-base metal gold deposits are prolific in the SW Pacific rim arc-related sulfidation deposits.

Porphyry Copper Systems

  • Carbonate is a key mineral in the propylitic alteration zone of a porphyry copper system.

Chromite

  • Refractory chromite is used in bricks and foundry sand.

Mineral Resources

  • Inferred Category has the least level of geological knowledge and confidence in mineral resources.

Ore Deposits - Formation

  • Hypothermal deposits form 3,000 to 15,000 meters below the surface at 300 to 600°C.

Igneous Rocks

  • Basalt is the volcanic equivalent of Norite.

Porphyry Copper Systems

  • Cavity fills are not ore occurrences in a porphyry copper system; stockwork veins and disseminations are.

Rock Identification

  • A coarse-grained rock with 40% potash feldspar, 45% sodic plagioclase, 10% quartz, and 5% hornblende is Quartz Monzonite.

Petroleum Systems

  • The classification of reservoir 3 is not answered in the context.

Seismic Sources

  • Seismic sources must have sufficient energy across the broadest possible frequency range.
  • They must be safe, efficient, environmentally acceptable, and have a repeatable waveform.

Minerals - Feldspar

  • Microcline is a potash feldspar mineral.

Gemstones

  • The world's finest rubies have historically been associated with mines in Myanmar (Burma).

Sulfidation Epithermal Deposits

  • All statements provided about high sulfidation epithermal deposits are characteristics of such deposits.

Sedimentary Features

  • Ripple marks and cross-stratification can determine paleocurrent directions.

Volcanoes

  • Mount Hibok-Hibok is located in Camiguin.

Epithermal Deposits

  • All statements provided are characteristics of epithermal deposits.

Rock Resistivity

  • Magnetic susceptibility does not influence the resistivity of a rock.
  • Porosity, lithologic type, and salinity of interstitial fluids do influence resistivity.

Kerogen

  • The type of kerogen with the highest H-C atomic ratio is not identified

Carbonate Reservoirs

  • Porosity for most carbonate reservoirs is secondary in nature.

Sulfidation Epithermal Deposits

  • All statements provided about high sulfidation epithermal deposits are characteristics of such deposits.

Exploration Drill Holes

  • With an apparent core thickness of 200m, and an angle of 22 degrees, the true thickness of the intercepted core is 74.92m.

Minerals - Jade

  • The term jade applies to Jadeite and Nephrite.

Magmatic Aqueous Solutions

  • All components listed (carbon dioxide, major oxides, bicarbonate, sulfuric acid) are important in magmatic aqueous solutions.

Vein Intercepts

  • With a vein inclined at 22 degrees, and a vein intercept at 200m, the true thickness of the intercepted vein is 185.43m.

Minerals - Phylosilicates

  • Sodalite isn't a phyllosilicate; Antigorite, Illite, and Phlogophite are.

Garnet Group Minerals

  • Analcime does not belong to the garnet group of minerals.
  • Almandine, Grossular, and Spessartine do belong to the garnet group.

Minerals - Bornite

  • The chemical composition of bornite is Cu5FeS4.

Resource Geology

  • A block size of 10x10x6 and a specific gravity of 19.32 will give a grade of 4.286 using IDS method.

Volcanic Rock Equivalents

  • Trachyte is the volcanic equivalent of Syenite.

Mineral Detection

  • Magnetometers are most likely detect Iron.

Chemical Formulas

  • Ag3SbS3 is the chemical formula of Pyrargyrite.

Minerals - Garnets

  • Uvarovite is a calcium chromium garnet.

Sedimentary Rocks

  • Secondary pores in sedimentary rocks are formed after deposition.

Sulfidation Deposits

  • In carbonate base-metal gold deposits, sphalerite is usually black at the deepest crustal levels.

Skarn Formation

  • All statements provided about the retrograde stage in skarn formation are true.

Seismic Wavelets

  • As a seismic wavelet propagates, its amplitude spectrum decreases overall and gets narrower.

Thin Sections

  • A thin section has a thickness of 0.03mm.

Turbidite Beds

  • The Bouma sequence in turbidite beds has five distinct layers.

Metamorphic Textures

  • Poikiloblastic (Sieve texture) is a metamorphic texture where a porphyroblast contains numerous inclusions of one or more fine-grained minerals.

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