25 Questions
Which event marked the official beginning of the civil rights movement?
The Brown v. Board of Education ruling
What was a key characteristic of non-violent direct action as a mode of organizing used in the civil rights movement?
Requiring self-control, dignity, and courage
Who were the three groups of students significantly contributing to advancing civil rights?
The Little Rock Nine, the Greensboro Four, and the SNCC
What role did the Little Rock Nine play in the civil rights movement?
Tested the enforcement of desegregation in schools
Which group initiated sit-ins at lunch counters in 1960?
The Greensboro Four
Who organized a conference in 1960 that led to the formation of the SNCC?
Ella Baker
What was one of the activities that SNCC engaged in besides desegregation activism?
Building labor unions
Which civil rights organization had the highest number of staff in the South by 1965?
SNCC
What was a significant achievement of the Freedom Riders?
Enforcing existing laws against segregation in transit terminals
Which movement was inspired by the activities of SNCC in the 1960s and 70s?
New Left Movement
Apart from voting registration projects, what else did SNCC engage in?
Building independent political parties
Which group supported SNCC members during their nonviolent direct action efforts?
Kennedy Administration
What did SNCC do to reinvigorate the women's liberation movement?
Organized labor unions
What type of action was a popular mode of organizing against discrimination of Black Americans during the civil rights movement?
Non-violent direct action
Which event is considered to have largely ended the civil rights movement in 1968?
Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
Who recognized the power of student activists and organized a conference in 1960 that led to the formation of SNCC?
Ella Baker
Which group of high school students was hand-picked by the NAACP to test the enforcement of the Brown v. Board of Education ruling?
Little Rock Nine
What group of students initiated sit-ins at lunch counters in 1960, sparking a nationwide sit-in movement?
Greensboro Four
Which organization was formed as a result of a conference organized by Ella Baker in 1960?
SNCC
What was one of the significant accomplishments of the Freedom Riders?
Enforcing existing laws against segregation
Apart from desegregation activism, what other area did SNCC focus on?
Conducting voting registration projects
What contribution did SNCC make to the civil rights movement beyond desegregation activism?
Reinvigorating the women’s liberation movement
Which organization inspired the New Left Movement in the 1960s and 70s?
SNCC
What pivotal role did SNCC play in promoting societal change?
Inspiring intergenerational work
What type of action did the Freedom Riders engage in to test integration in the South?
Nonviolent direct action
Study Notes
- The civil rights movement officially began in 1954 with the Brown v. Board of Education ruling and largely ended in 1968 with the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
- Non-violent direct action was a popular mode of organizing against discrimination of Black Americans, requiring self-control, dignity, and courage.
- Three groups of students significantly contributed to advancing justice, equality, and civil rights: the Little Rock Nine, the Greensboro Four, and the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).
- The Little Rock Nine were high school students hand-picked by the NAACP to test the enforcement of the Brown v. Board of Education ruling, facing immense opposition and violence in the process.
- The Greensboro Four, students from North Carolina A&T State University, initiated sit-ins at lunch counters in 1960, sparking a nationwide sit-in movement that led to integration.
- Ella Baker recognized the power of student activists and organized a conference in 1960 that led to the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), a radical group in the civil rights movement.
- SNCC members, including former students from the sit-ins, became Freedom Riders who tested integration in the South through nonviolent direct action, facing violence and attacks from white supremacists but continuing their efforts with support from other activist groups and the Kennedy Administration.- Freedom Riders were successful in enforcing the existing law against segregation in interstate transit terminals.
- By 1965, SNCC became the civil rights organization with the highest number of staff in the South.
- SNCC not only focused on desegregation activism but also conducted voting registration projects and built independent political parties like the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party.
- SNCC organized labor unions, agricultural cooperatives, and reinvigorated the women’s liberation movement, as well as inspired the New Left Movement in the 1960s and 70s.
- The civil rights movement was significantly advanced by the collective efforts of many individuals beyond Martin Luther King Jr., emphasizing the importance of intergenerational work for societal change.
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