Lecture 4

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of minority influence?

To disrupt the majority norm and bring about internal change (correct)

To obey authority figures

To avoid groupthink

To conform to the majority norm

What is the term for the process by which minority influence brings about internal change in the attitudes of a majority?

Conversion effect (correct)

Conformity

Compliance

Obedience

What is a characteristic of minority influence?

Demonstrates uncertainty and doubt

Seeks to conform to the majority norm

Not motivated by self-interest (correct)

Motivated by self-interest

What was the cover story for Milgram's (1963) obedience studies?

The effects of punishment on memory Signup and view all the answers

What was the process by which the 'teacher' was allocated their role in Milgram's (1963) obedience studies?

Rigged allocation Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the electric shocks in Milgram's (1963) obedience studies?

To test the effects of punishment on memory Signup and view all the answers

In the Moscovici, Lage, and Naffrechoux (1969) study, what percentage of the time did participants conform to the consistent minority condition?

9% Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary difference between the inconsistent minority condition and the consistent minority condition in the Moscovici, Lage, and Naffrechoux (1969) study?

The consistency of the minority views in each condition Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which a numerical or power minority can change the attitudes and behaviours of the majority?

Minority influence Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor that contributes to the effectiveness of minority influence?

Certainty and commitment to a position Signup and view all the answers

In the Moscovici, Lage, and Naffrechoux (1969) study, what was the percentage of green responses in the inconsistent minority condition?

2/3 Signup and view all the answers

What was the main finding of the Moscovici, Lage, and Naffrechoux (1969) study?

The consistent minority has a significant influence on the majority Signup and view all the answers

In the control condition of the Moscovici, Lage, and Naffrechoux (1969) study, what type of response did participants give?

No response, as there were no confederates Signup and view all the answers

In the Moscovici, Lage, and Naffrechoux (1969) study, what was the percentage of the time that participants conformed to the inconsistent minority condition?

2% Signup and view all the answers

What type of social influence do we experience when we look to others for information and guidance in ambiguous situations?

Informational social influence Signup and view all the answers

Why do people obey authorities even when they know it is wrong?

Because they do not want to disappoint others Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why people continue to obey authorities?

Loss of personal responsibility Signup and view all the answers

How can obedience be reduced?

By introducing inconsistent information Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of gradual shocks in the obedience experiment?

It increases obedience Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for when people feel uncomfortable because their actions do not align with their values?

Cognitive dissonance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of minority influence in the context of social psychology?

Changing the attitudes and behaviors of the majority Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Milgram studies, what is the primary dependent variable being measured?

The level of obedience to authority figures Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of introducing dissenting 'teachers' in the obedience experiment?

It decreases obedience Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the phenomenon where a minority group influences the majority, often resulting in a change in attitudes or behaviors?

Conversion effect Signup and view all the answers

Why is proximity important in reducing obedience?

Because it increases empathy Signup and view all the answers

According to the graph, what is the relationship between group size and conformity?

Conformity increases as group size increases Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Milgram studies on obedience?

To explore the factors that influence obedience to authority figures Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the researcher who conducted the study on minority influence, using Asch's paradigm?

Moscovici Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the situation where individuals conform to group norms due to a lack of clear information or ambiguity?

Ambiguity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between majority influence and minority influence?

Majority influence involves a numerical majority, while minority influence involves a numerical or power minority Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of Zimbardo and colleagues' (1973) Stanford Prison Experiment?

To examine why prisons were so violent Signup and view all the answers

How many participants were randomly assigned to the guard or prisoner role in the Stanford Prison Experiment?

24 males Signup and view all the answers

What was the only instruction given to the guards in the Stanford Prison Experiment?

To keep order Signup and view all the answers

How many prisoners were assigned to the 9 guards in the Stanford Prison Experiment?

9 prisoners Signup and view all the answers

What was the duration of the Stanford Prison Experiment?

2 weeks Signup and view all the answers

Where was the Stanford Prison Experiment conducted?

The basement of Stanford University Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Factors Affecting Conformity

Ambiguity increases conformity
Need to be accurate decreases conformity
Crisis/emergency increases conformity
Unanimity increases conformity
Gender affects conformity
Expertise affects conformity
Status and attractiveness of the group affect conformity
Group size affects conformity

Group Size and Conformity

Conformity increases as group size increases
Percentage of conformity is higher in larger groups

Minority Influence

Definition: processes of social influence in which a numerical or power minority can change the attitudes and behaviors of the majority
Moscovici, Lage, and Naffrechoux (1969) study:
- Found that consistent minority influence can sway the views of others
- Consistent minority condition resulted in 9% conformity, while inconsistent minority condition resulted in 2% conformity

Contrast with Majority Influence

Majority influence: public compliance or private acceptance, normative or informational reasons, not much thought through, direct
Minority influence: private acceptance, informational reasons, thought through carefully, indirect

Conversion Effect

Definition: process by which minority influence brings about internal, private change in the attitudes of a majority

Consistent Minority Influence

Characteristics: demonstrate certainty and commitment, distinct from the majority norm, disrupts the majority norm, not motivated by self-interest, perceived freedom of choice, draws attention to an alternative position, highlights the only solution to a conflict

Obedience

Definition: Milgram's (1963) studies on obedience
Milgram's studies:
- Found that 65% of participants obeyed the experimenter's orders to deliver the maximum 450V shock
- Why do we obey? Informational social influence, normative social influence, not due to personality

Reducing Obedience

Inconsistent information reduces obedience
Contradictory experimenters reduce obedience
Tuning in the "victim" (remote feedback, voice feedback, proximity, touch) reduces obedience
Tuning out the "authority" (absent experimenter, ordinary person) reduces obedience

Field Experiment of Obedience

Zimbardo and colleagues (1973) Stanford Prison Experiment:
- Found that participants in the prisoner role began to experience psychological breakdowns, while those in the guard role became sadistic and authoritarian

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Lecture 4

Podcast Beta

Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of minority influence?

What is the term for the process by which minority influence brings about internal change in the attitudes of a majority?

What is a characteristic of minority influence?

What was the cover story for Milgram's (1963) obedience studies?

What was the process by which the 'teacher' was allocated their role in Milgram's (1963) obedience studies?

What was the purpose of the electric shocks in Milgram's (1963) obedience studies?

In the Moscovici, Lage, and Naffrechoux (1969) study, what percentage of the time did participants conform to the consistent minority condition?

What was the primary difference between the inconsistent minority condition and the consistent minority condition in the Moscovici, Lage, and Naffrechoux (1969) study?

What is the term for the process by which a numerical or power minority can change the attitudes and behaviours of the majority?

What is a key factor that contributes to the effectiveness of minority influence?

In the Moscovici, Lage, and Naffrechoux (1969) study, what was the percentage of green responses in the inconsistent minority condition?

What was the main finding of the Moscovici, Lage, and Naffrechoux (1969) study?

In the control condition of the Moscovici, Lage, and Naffrechoux (1969) study, what type of response did participants give?

In the Moscovici, Lage, and Naffrechoux (1969) study, what was the percentage of the time that participants conformed to the inconsistent minority condition?

What type of social influence do we experience when we look to others for information and guidance in ambiguous situations?

Why do people obey authorities even when they know it is wrong?

What is one reason why people continue to obey authorities?

How can obedience be reduced?

What is the effect of gradual shocks in the obedience experiment?

What is the term for when people feel uncomfortable because their actions do not align with their values?

What is the primary focus of minority influence in the context of social psychology?

In the context of the Milgram studies, what is the primary dependent variable being measured?

What is the effect of introducing dissenting 'teachers' in the obedience experiment?

What is the term for the phenomenon where a minority group influences the majority, often resulting in a change in attitudes or behaviors?

Why is proximity important in reducing obedience?

According to the graph, what is the relationship between group size and conformity?

What is the primary goal of the Milgram studies on obedience?

What is the name of the researcher who conducted the study on minority influence, using Asch's paradigm?

What is the term for the situation where individuals conform to group norms due to a lack of clear information or ambiguity?

What is the primary difference between majority influence and minority influence?

What was the main goal of Zimbardo and colleagues' (1973) Stanford Prison Experiment?

How many participants were randomly assigned to the guard or prisoner role in the Stanford Prison Experiment?

What was the only instruction given to the guards in the Stanford Prison Experiment?

How many prisoners were assigned to the 9 guards in the Stanford Prison Experiment?

What was the duration of the Stanford Prison Experiment?

Where was the Stanford Prison Experiment conducted?

Study Notes

Social Influence II: Minority Influence and Obedience

Factors Affecting Conformity

Group Size and Conformity

Minority Influence

Contrast with Majority Influence

Conversion Effect

Consistent Minority Influence

Obedience

Reducing Obedience

Field Experiment of Obedience

Studying That Suits You

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