Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of minority influence?
What is the primary goal of minority influence?
What is the term for the process by which minority influence brings about internal change in the attitudes of a majority?
What is the term for the process by which minority influence brings about internal change in the attitudes of a majority?
What is a characteristic of minority influence?
What is a characteristic of minority influence?
What was the cover story for Milgram's (1963) obedience studies?
What was the cover story for Milgram's (1963) obedience studies?
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What was the process by which the 'teacher' was allocated their role in Milgram's (1963) obedience studies?
What was the process by which the 'teacher' was allocated their role in Milgram's (1963) obedience studies?
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What was the purpose of the electric shocks in Milgram's (1963) obedience studies?
What was the purpose of the electric shocks in Milgram's (1963) obedience studies?
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In the Moscovici, Lage, and Naffrechoux (1969) study, what percentage of the time did participants conform to the consistent minority condition?
In the Moscovici, Lage, and Naffrechoux (1969) study, what percentage of the time did participants conform to the consistent minority condition?
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What was the primary difference between the inconsistent minority condition and the consistent minority condition in the Moscovici, Lage, and Naffrechoux (1969) study?
What was the primary difference between the inconsistent minority condition and the consistent minority condition in the Moscovici, Lage, and Naffrechoux (1969) study?
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What is the term for the process by which a numerical or power minority can change the attitudes and behaviours of the majority?
What is the term for the process by which a numerical or power minority can change the attitudes and behaviours of the majority?
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What is a key factor that contributes to the effectiveness of minority influence?
What is a key factor that contributes to the effectiveness of minority influence?
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In the Moscovici, Lage, and Naffrechoux (1969) study, what was the percentage of green responses in the inconsistent minority condition?
In the Moscovici, Lage, and Naffrechoux (1969) study, what was the percentage of green responses in the inconsistent minority condition?
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What was the main finding of the Moscovici, Lage, and Naffrechoux (1969) study?
What was the main finding of the Moscovici, Lage, and Naffrechoux (1969) study?
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In the control condition of the Moscovici, Lage, and Naffrechoux (1969) study, what type of response did participants give?
In the control condition of the Moscovici, Lage, and Naffrechoux (1969) study, what type of response did participants give?
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In the Moscovici, Lage, and Naffrechoux (1969) study, what was the percentage of the time that participants conformed to the inconsistent minority condition?
In the Moscovici, Lage, and Naffrechoux (1969) study, what was the percentage of the time that participants conformed to the inconsistent minority condition?
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What type of social influence do we experience when we look to others for information and guidance in ambiguous situations?
What type of social influence do we experience when we look to others for information and guidance in ambiguous situations?
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Why do people obey authorities even when they know it is wrong?
Why do people obey authorities even when they know it is wrong?
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What is one reason why people continue to obey authorities?
What is one reason why people continue to obey authorities?
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How can obedience be reduced?
How can obedience be reduced?
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What is the effect of gradual shocks in the obedience experiment?
What is the effect of gradual shocks in the obedience experiment?
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What is the term for when people feel uncomfortable because their actions do not align with their values?
What is the term for when people feel uncomfortable because their actions do not align with their values?
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What is the primary focus of minority influence in the context of social psychology?
What is the primary focus of minority influence in the context of social psychology?
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In the context of the Milgram studies, what is the primary dependent variable being measured?
In the context of the Milgram studies, what is the primary dependent variable being measured?
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What is the effect of introducing dissenting 'teachers' in the obedience experiment?
What is the effect of introducing dissenting 'teachers' in the obedience experiment?
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What is the term for the phenomenon where a minority group influences the majority, often resulting in a change in attitudes or behaviors?
What is the term for the phenomenon where a minority group influences the majority, often resulting in a change in attitudes or behaviors?
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Why is proximity important in reducing obedience?
Why is proximity important in reducing obedience?
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According to the graph, what is the relationship between group size and conformity?
According to the graph, what is the relationship between group size and conformity?
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What is the primary goal of the Milgram studies on obedience?
What is the primary goal of the Milgram studies on obedience?
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What is the name of the researcher who conducted the study on minority influence, using Asch's paradigm?
What is the name of the researcher who conducted the study on minority influence, using Asch's paradigm?
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What is the term for the situation where individuals conform to group norms due to a lack of clear information or ambiguity?
What is the term for the situation where individuals conform to group norms due to a lack of clear information or ambiguity?
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What is the primary difference between majority influence and minority influence?
What is the primary difference between majority influence and minority influence?
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What was the main goal of Zimbardo and colleagues' (1973) Stanford Prison Experiment?
What was the main goal of Zimbardo and colleagues' (1973) Stanford Prison Experiment?
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How many participants were randomly assigned to the guard or prisoner role in the Stanford Prison Experiment?
How many participants were randomly assigned to the guard or prisoner role in the Stanford Prison Experiment?
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What was the only instruction given to the guards in the Stanford Prison Experiment?
What was the only instruction given to the guards in the Stanford Prison Experiment?
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How many prisoners were assigned to the 9 guards in the Stanford Prison Experiment?
How many prisoners were assigned to the 9 guards in the Stanford Prison Experiment?
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What was the duration of the Stanford Prison Experiment?
What was the duration of the Stanford Prison Experiment?
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Where was the Stanford Prison Experiment conducted?
Where was the Stanford Prison Experiment conducted?
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Study Notes
Social Influence II: Minority Influence and Obedience
Factors Affecting Conformity
- Ambiguity increases conformity
- Need to be accurate decreases conformity
- Crisis/emergency increases conformity
- Unanimity increases conformity
- Gender affects conformity
- Expertise affects conformity
- Status and attractiveness of the group affect conformity
- Group size affects conformity
Group Size and Conformity
- Conformity increases as group size increases
- Percentage of conformity is higher in larger groups
Minority Influence
- Definition: processes of social influence in which a numerical or power minority can change the attitudes and behaviors of the majority
- Moscovici, Lage, and Naffrechoux (1969) study:
- Found that consistent minority influence can sway the views of others
- Consistent minority condition resulted in 9% conformity, while inconsistent minority condition resulted in 2% conformity
Contrast with Majority Influence
- Majority influence: public compliance or private acceptance, normative or informational reasons, not much thought through, direct
- Minority influence: private acceptance, informational reasons, thought through carefully, indirect
Conversion Effect
- Definition: process by which minority influence brings about internal, private change in the attitudes of a majority
Consistent Minority Influence
- Characteristics: demonstrate certainty and commitment, distinct from the majority norm, disrupts the majority norm, not motivated by self-interest, perceived freedom of choice, draws attention to an alternative position, highlights the only solution to a conflict
Obedience
- Definition: Milgram's (1963) studies on obedience
- Milgram's studies:
- Found that 65% of participants obeyed the experimenter's orders to deliver the maximum 450V shock
- Why do we obey? Informational social influence, normative social influence, not due to personality
Reducing Obedience
- Inconsistent information reduces obedience
- Contradictory experimenters reduce obedience
- Tuning in the "victim" (remote feedback, voice feedback, proximity, touch) reduces obedience
- Tuning out the "authority" (absent experimenter, ordinary person) reduces obedience
Field Experiment of Obedience
- Zimbardo and colleagues (1973) Stanford Prison Experiment:
- Found that participants in the prisoner role began to experience psychological breakdowns, while those in the guard role became sadistic and authoritarian
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