GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

addition of skills or components

refinement expansion or improvement of existing skills or components

• First person to provide a formal, structured theory of personality • His theory is grounded in the belief that two internal biological forces essentially drive psychological change in the child: sexual (libido) and aggressive energies • Motivation for behavior is to achieve pleasure and avoid pain created by these forces

• The forces come into conflict with the reality of the world as maturational changes occur • His psychoanalytic model of personality has five psychosexual developmental stages associated with different pleasurable zones as the body focus for gratification and bodily pleasure

Levels of Awareness

is logical and is regulated by the reality principle, includes all experiences that are within an individuals awareness and that the individual is able to control, includes all information that is remembered easily and is immediately available to an individual

also called subconscious, includes experiences, thoughts, feelings, or desires that might not be in immediate awareness but can be recalled to consciousness, can help repress unpleasant thoughts or feeling and can examine and censor certain wishes and thinking

not logical and is governed by the pleasure principle, which refers to seeking immediate tension reduction, Memories, feeling, thoughts or whishes are repressed and are not available to the conscious mind, These repressed memories, thoughts or feelings, if made prematurely conscious can cause anxiety

Agencies of the Mind, 3 systems of personality

• It is the source of all drives • It includes genetic inheritance, reflexes, instincts, basic drives, needs and wishes that motivate an individual • It operates according to the pleasure principle • It does not tolerate uncomfortable states • It acts immediately in an impulsive, irrational way and pays no attention to the consequences of its actions • The primary process is a psychological activity in which the id attempts to reduce tension • It includes hallucinating or forming an image of the object that will satisfy its needs and remove the tension

• It begins its development during the fourth or fifth month of life • It acts as an intermediary between the id and the external world • It emerges because the needs, wishes and demands of the id require appropriate exchanges with the outside world of reality • The ego distinguishes bet. Things in the mind and things in the external world • Its function includes reality testing and problem solving • testing is the function of the ego • It follows the reality principle and operates by means of realistic thinking

• It is a necessary part of socialization that develops during the phallic stage of 3 to 6 yrs of age • It develops from the interactions with one’s parents during the extended period of childhood dependency • It includes the internalization of the values, ideals and moral standard of society

• consists of the conscience • The conscience refers to the capacity for self evaluation and criticism • When moral codes are violated, the conscience punishes the individual by instilling guilt and ego ideal • What parents approve of and what they reward the child for doing become incorporates as the ego ideal by the mechanism of introjectionThe superego strives for perfection rather than pleasure and represents the ideal rather than the real • Living up to one’s ego ideal results in the individual feeling proud and increase self-esteem

operate on an unconscious level except for suppression, so the individual is not aware of their operation, deny, falsify or distort reality to make it less threatening

proceeds through a series of stages from infancy to adulthood

Psychosexual Development

Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development

birth to 2 years; pleasure from oral stimulation, tasting and sucking

15 months to 3 years, primary focus on controlling bladder and bowels, eliminating/retaining feces

3-6 years, primary focus is on genitals, differences between male and female, child becomes rival for the affection of opposite sex parent, child begins to identify with the same sex parent

child becomes rival for the affection of opposite sex parent

sexual desires pushed to background, focus on intellectual and social pursuits

puberty to adulthood, sexual desires renewed - seek relationships with others

Psychosocial Development

was trained in psychoanalytic theory but developed his own theory, One of main concept of his theory, “a person’s social view of self is more important than instinctual drives in determining the behavior

• It describes the human cycle as series of 8 ego developmental stages from birth to death • Each stage presents a psychosocial crisis, the goal of which is to integrate physical, maturation and societal demands. • The theory focuses on psychosocial tasks that are accomplished throughout the life cycle

Cognitive Development

• Swiss biologist and philosopher • Was most interested in the development of children’s intellectual organization, how they think, reason, and perceive the world 1896 - 1980 • His theory of cognitive development includes four periods and recognizes that children move through these specific periods at different rates but in the same sequence order

Moral Development

• Extended Piaget’s theory with his stages of moral development • Standards of the social environment and social rewards play a major role for movement to higher levels of moral reasoning • Recognizing where a child is at according to theses stages can help identify how children may feel about an illness.

Each person can be studied and assessed as a composition of developmental domains. Subjective and objective data are interdependent in defining the needs of an individual person

Erikson's psychosocial stages

trust vs mistrust

autonomy vs doubt

initiative vs guilt

industry vs inferiority

identity vs confusion

intimacy vs isolation

generativity vs self adsorption

integrity vs despair

stages of cognitive development

Kohlberg's moral stages