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Questions and Answers
What is a major benefit of transdermal diffusion over oral administration?
What is a major benefit of transdermal diffusion over oral administration?
What is a limitation of transdermal diffusion?
What is a limitation of transdermal diffusion?
What is an advantage of rectal administration over oral administration?
What is an advantage of rectal administration over oral administration?
What is a disadvantage of rectal administration?
What is a disadvantage of rectal administration?
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What is a potential risk associated with transdermal diffusion?
What is a potential risk associated with transdermal diffusion?
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What is a benefit of transdermal diffusion in terms of patient compliance?
What is a benefit of transdermal diffusion in terms of patient compliance?
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Which route of administration allows a drug to diffuse into the capillary network and enter the systemic circulation directly?
Which route of administration allows a drug to diffuse into the capillary network and enter the systemic circulation directly?
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What is the primary advantage of using the parenteral route for drug administration?
What is the primary advantage of using the parenteral route for drug administration?
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Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of the parenteral route?
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of the parenteral route?
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Which route of administration is used for drugs that are poorly absorbed from the GI tract?
Which route of administration is used for drugs that are poorly absorbed from the GI tract?
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What is the most common parenteral route of administration?
What is the most common parenteral route of administration?
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Which of the following is a disadvantage of the intravenous route?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of the intravenous route?
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What is an advantage of intramuscular administration compared to subcutaneous administration?
What is an advantage of intramuscular administration compared to subcutaneous administration?
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Which route of administration is effective for patients with respiratory complaints, such as asthma or COPD?
Which route of administration is effective for patients with respiratory complaints, such as asthma or COPD?
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What is the purpose of intrathecal administration?
What is the purpose of intrathecal administration?
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What is the primary advantage of topical application?
What is the primary advantage of topical application?
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Which factor affects the rate of absorption in subcutaneous administration?
Which factor affects the rate of absorption in subcutaneous administration?
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What is a potential disadvantage of intramuscular administration?
What is a potential disadvantage of intramuscular administration?
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What type of drug is typically used in inhalation therapy?
What type of drug is typically used in inhalation therapy?
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What is the primary advantage of inhalation therapy compared to intravenous administration?
What is the primary advantage of inhalation therapy compared to intravenous administration?
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Study Notes
Transdermal Route
- Passive diffusion of drugs across the skin driven by concentration gradient
- Potential benefits: controlled release of drug, steady blood-level profile, user-friendly, convenient, painless, multi-day dosing, improved patient compliance, bypasses GI irritation and partial first-pass inactivation by the liver
- Limitations/risks: skin barrier limits the number of drugs that can be delivered, potential skin irritation, discomfort
Rectal Route
- Prevents destruction of drug by intestinal enzymes or low pH in the stomach
- Bypasses the portal circulation, minimizing biotransformation of drugs by the liver
- Useful for patients who induce vomiting when given orally, are already vomiting, or are unconscious
- Disadvantages: discomfort, inconvenience, and many drugs irritate the rectal mucosa
Subcutaneous (SC) Route
- Advantages: slow absorption, can be used as a depot, rate of absorption can be modified by altering blood flow
- Disadvantages: of little value in peripheral circulatory failure (shock), only small volumes can be accommodated
Intramuscular (IM) Route
- Advantages: more rapid absorption than SC, rate of absorption can be modified by altering blood flow
- Disadvantages: potential infection and/or nerve damage, danger of inadvertent IV administration
Factors Affecting Absorption
- Injection site (blood supply)
- Tissue damage, bruise, less muscle volume
- Others: massage, warm compress, vasodilatation drugs
Inhalation Route
- Provides rapid delivery of a drug across the large surface area of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and pulmonary epithelium
- Used for drugs that are gases or those that can be dispersed in an aerosol (e.g., albuterol, corticosteroids)
- Effective and convenient for patients with respiratory complaints (e.g., asthma, COPD)
Intrathecal/Intraventricular Route
- Directly introduces drugs into the cerebrospinal fluid
- Used for treating conditions such as cryptococcal meningitis (e.g., amphotericin B)
Topical Route
- Used when a local effect of the drug is desired
- Examples: clotrimazole for dermatophytosis, tropicamide or cyclopentolate for dilating the pupil and measuring refractive errors
Sublingual Route
- Placement under the tongue allows a drug to diffuse into the capillary network and enter the systemic circulation directly
- Advantages: rapid absorption, convenience of administration, low incidence of infection, avoidance of first-pass metabolism
- Disadvantages: drug taste
Parenteral Route
- Directly introduces drugs across the body's barrier defences into the systemic circulation or other vascular tissue
- Used for drugs that are poorly absorbed from the GI tract (e.g., heparin) and for agents that are unstable in the GI tract (e.g., insulin)
- Used for treatment of unconscious patients and under circumstances that require a rapid onset of action
- Advantages: highest bioavailability, not subject to first-pass metabolism or harsh GI environments
- Disadvantages: irreversible, may cause pain, fear, and infections
Intravenous (IV) Route
- Most common Parenteral route
- Advantages: avoids the GI tract and therefore, first-pass metabolism by the liver, rapid effect and a maximal degree of control over the circulating levels of the drug
- Disadvantages: pain, sepsis, thrombosis, infiltration, anaphylaxis, phlebitis
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