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Questions and Answers
What is heart failure defined as?
What is heart failure defined as?
A structural abnormality or dysfunction that results in the inability of the ventricle to fill or eject blood.
What is the primary impairment in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF)?
What is the primary impairment in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF)?
The left ventricle (LV) cannot relax enough during diastole.
What is a common cause of heart failure?
What is a common cause of heart failure?
Myocyte damage or loss
What is the consequence of reduced filling volume in HFpEF?
What is the consequence of reduced filling volume in HFpEF?
What are some causes of HFpEF?
What are some causes of HFpEF?
What is the term used to describe the condition where relaxation of the left ventricle is good, but contractility is the problem?
What is the term used to describe the condition where relaxation of the left ventricle is good, but contractility is the problem?
What is the primary issue in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction?
What is the primary issue in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction?
What is the term used to describe the pumping ability of the heart?
What is the term used to describe the pumping ability of the heart?
What is a possible cause of heart failure due to congestion?
What is a possible cause of heart failure due to congestion?
What is the significance of HFpEF in the context of heart failure?
What is the significance of HFpEF in the context of heart failure?
What is a difference between left-side and right-side heart failure?
What is a difference between left-side and right-side heart failure?
What is a characteristic of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction?
What is a characteristic of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction?
What can cause cell death in the heart?
What can cause cell death in the heart?
What is the contractility of the left ventricle in HFpEF?
What is the contractility of the left ventricle in HFpEF?
What type of infusions may be used to support heart failure patients?
What type of infusions may be used to support heart failure patients?
Which advanced heart failure therapy involves implanting a device to regulate the heart's rhythm?
Which advanced heart failure therapy involves implanting a device to regulate the heart's rhythm?
What two systems are activated in response to heart failure?
What two systems are activated in response to heart failure?
What is the purpose of natriuretic peptides in heart failure?
What is the purpose of natriuretic peptides in heart failure?
The four pillars of guided medical therapy HF
The four pillars of guided medical therapy HF
What's hyperkalaemia treatment
What's hyperkalaemia treatment
whats cause hyperkalaemia
whats cause hyperkalaemia
what cause hypokalaemia
what cause hypokalaemia
Study Notes
Heart Failure Definition and Causes
- Heart failure is a structural abnormality or dysfunction that results in the inability of the ventricle to fill or eject blood.
- Causes of heart failure include myocyte damage or loss, abnormal loading conditions, arrhythmias, and more.
Classifications of Heart Failure
- Heart failure can be classified into two types: Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) and Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF).
- HFrEF is characterized by an ejection fraction (EF) < 40%, relaxation of the left ventricle (LV) is good, but contractility is the problem.
- HFpEF is characterized by an ejection fraction (EF) > 50%, contractility of the LV is good, but relaxation is the problem.
Heart Failure Types
- Heart failure can be acute or chronic.
- Acute heart failure has poor outcomes, with high 90-day rehospitalization and 1-year mortality rates.
- Chronic heart failure involves heart failure nurses in the community, up-titration of medications to target doses, and hospital avoidance.
Compensatory Mechanisms
- The body has compensatory mechanisms to deal with heart failure, including the sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, anti-diuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides.
Treatments and Management
- The four pillars of guided medical therapy include beta-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, ARNI, and SGLT2 inhibitors.
- Advanced heart failure therapies include implantable cardiac resynchronization therapy, left ventricular assist device, biventricular assist device, and heart transplant.
- Nursing interventions include daily weight monitoring, fluid restriction and fluid balance charting, ECG monitoring, electrolyte monitoring, reviewing imaging reports, and patient education.
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