WEEK 9 HF

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Questions and Answers

What is heart failure defined as?

A structural abnormality or dysfunction that results in the inability of the ventricle to fill or eject blood.

What is the primary impairment in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF)?

The left ventricle (LV) cannot relax enough during diastole.

What is a common cause of heart failure?

Myocyte damage or loss

What is the consequence of reduced filling volume in HFpEF?

Reduced stroke volume and reduced cardiac output. Signup and view all the answers

What are some causes of HFpEF?

Chronic hypertension affecting LV hypertrophy and aortic stenosis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the condition where relaxation of the left ventricle is good, but contractility is the problem?

Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary issue in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction?

Contractility Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the pumping ability of the heart?

Ejection fraction (EF) Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible cause of heart failure due to congestion?

Congestion in lungs and peripheries Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of HFpEF in the context of heart failure?

It is the most common form of heart failure, with poor outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

What is a difference between left-side and right-side heart failure?

Left-side affects the lungs, right-side affects the peripheries Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction?

Ejection fraction (EF) > 50% Signup and view all the answers

What can cause cell death in the heart?

Myocardial infarction (MI) Signup and view all the answers

What is the contractility of the left ventricle in HFpEF?

Good contractility Signup and view all the answers

What type of infusions may be used to support heart failure patients?

Inotropic infusions, such as levosimendan or dobutamine Signup and view all the answers

Which advanced heart failure therapy involves implanting a device to regulate the heart's rhythm?

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with or without a defibrillator Signup and view all the answers

What two systems are activated in response to heart failure?

Sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of natriuretic peptides in heart failure?

A compensatory mechanism Signup and view all the answers

The four pillars of guided medical therapy HF

Beta-blockers Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (spironolactone) ARNI (sacubitril/valsartan) SGLT2 inhibitors (dapagliflozin) BANDAID2S Signup and view all the answers

What's hyperkalaemia treatment

CBIGRND Signup and view all the answers

whats cause hyperkalaemia

CARED Signup and view all the answers

what cause hypokalaemia

DITCH Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Heart Failure Definition and Causes

Heart failure is a structural abnormality or dysfunction that results in the inability of the ventricle to fill or eject blood.
Causes of heart failure include myocyte damage or loss, abnormal loading conditions, arrhythmias, and more.

Classifications of Heart Failure

Heart failure can be classified into two types: Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) and Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF).
HFrEF is characterized by an ejection fraction (EF) < 40%, relaxation of the left ventricle (LV) is good, but contractility is the problem.
HFpEF is characterized by an ejection fraction (EF) > 50%, contractility of the LV is good, but relaxation is the problem.

Heart Failure Types

Heart failure can be acute or chronic.
Acute heart failure has poor outcomes, with high 90-day rehospitalization and 1-year mortality rates.
Chronic heart failure involves heart failure nurses in the community, up-titration of medications to target doses, and hospital avoidance.

Compensatory Mechanisms

The body has compensatory mechanisms to deal with heart failure, including the sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, anti-diuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides.

Treatments and Management

The four pillars of guided medical therapy include beta-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, ARNI, and SGLT2 inhibitors.
Advanced heart failure therapies include implantable cardiac resynchronization therapy, left ventricular assist device, biventricular assist device, and heart transplant.
Nursing interventions include daily weight monitoring, fluid restriction and fluid balance charting, ECG monitoring, electrolyte monitoring, reviewing imaging reports, and patient education.

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