Questions and Answers
Who among the following scientists divided animal life into four 'embranchements' during the Renaissance period?
Georges Cuvier
Who among the following Renaissance scientists introduced the concept of 'Semaphoront' as part of morphology studies?
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Which scientist during the Renaissance period disagreed with Georges Cuvier's concept of 4 'archetypes'?
Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
Which scientist from the Renaissance period homologized vertebral elements with the vertebrate skull?
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Who transformed Richard Owen's archetype into an ancestor in evolutionary studies?
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Which Renaissance scientist presented a family tree (Stammbaume) as a representation of genealogy in evolution?
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Who among the Ancient Greeks was known for his classification of living things into 550 kinds of animals, although his works on plants have been lost?
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Which Renaissance period figure is known for their comparative anatomical representation of the skeletons of humans and birds after traveling widely in Southern Europe and the Middle East?
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Who developed a classification system that included seven levels: Imperium, Regnum, Classis, Ordo, Genus, Species, and Varietas?
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Which scientist from the Renaissance period had a notable work involving mathematics and probability, emphasizing taxa that were arbitrary but species being real?
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Which Ancient Greek figure based their taxonomic work on dichotomous distinctions relating to the form and color of leaves and fruits?
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Among the Renaissance period herbalists, who was known for his work in taxonomy and botanical studies?
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Study Notes
Ancient Greeks
- Aristotle:
- Classified living things into biological progression (scala naturae)
- 550 kinds of animals (works on plants have been lost)
- Hierarchical, predictive, and formed the beginning of modern classification
- Theophrastus:
- Classified plants based on dichotomous distinctions
- Focused on form and color of leaves and fruits
- Wrote "Enquiry into Plants" and "On the Causes of Plants"
Renaissance Period
- Georges Cuvier:
- Divided animal life into four "embranchements" (vertebrata, articulata, mollusca, and radiata)
- Based on body plans or "archetypes"
- Believed in catastrophism and process of extinction
- Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire:
- Comparative anatomist
- Had evolutionary views
- Believed in ideal types in nature and species might transform among these immutable forms
- Disagreed with Cuvier's four "archetypes"
- Identified homologous structures
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe:
- Ideal morphologist
- Believed in morphology and archetypes containing the inherent nature of taxon
- Lorenz Oken:
- Naturphilosophie
- Morphologist
- Divided animals into five groups (dermatozoa, glossozaa, rhinozoa, otozoa, and ophthalmozoa)
- Serially homologized vertebral elements with vertebrate skull
- Richard Owen:
- Vertebrate comparative anatomist
- British Museum (Natural History)
- Identified homology and analogy
- Opposed Darwinian evolution
- Believed in general archetype
- Charles Darwin:
- Causative theory of evolution
- Hierarchical distribution of biological variation
- Genealogy
- Evolutionary "trees"
- Degree of genealogical relationship and degree of evolutionary modification
- Ernst Haeckel:
- Family tree (Stammbaume)
- Genealogy
- Modification
- Divided scientific community into Darwinian (Progressive) and Traditionalists (Conservatives)
Other Key Figures
- Pierre Belon:
- Physician
- Botany
- Travelled widely in Southern Europe and the Middle East
- Comparative anatomical representation of the skeletons of human and birds
- Herbalists:
- Otto Brunfels, Leonhard Fuchs, Conrad Gesner, Heironymus (Jerome) Bock, and Valerius Cordus
- Carolus Linnaeus:
- Classification system
- Biological nomenclature
- Communication
- Seven levels of classification (Imperium, Regnum, Classis, Ordo, Genus, Species, and Varietas)
- George Louis Leclerc:
- Mathematics and probability
- Histoire naturelle generale et particuliere
- Anti-Linnean
- Taxa arbitrary, but species were real (moule interieur)
- Could improve or degenerate into others
- Biogeography
- Jean-Baptiste Lamarck:
- Biologie
- Classification=artificial but useful
- Closer to modern keys
- Philosophie zoologique
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