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Questions and Answers
What is the total number of stations in the exam?
What is the total number of stations in the exam?
- 6 (correct)
- 5
- 4
- 8
What personal protective equipment must students wear during the exam?
What personal protective equipment must students wear during the exam?
- Gloves only
- White coat and mask only
- White coat, mask, and gloves (correct)
- None of the above
What is the definition of heart rate (HR)?
What is the definition of heart rate (HR)?
Heart rate is the number of times the heart beats per minute.
List some factors that can affect heart rate.
List some factors that can affect heart rate.
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What is the definition of stroke volume (SV)?
What is the definition of stroke volume (SV)?
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What are some factors that can influence stroke volume?
What are some factors that can influence stroke volume?
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How is cardiac output (CO) calculated?
How is cardiac output (CO) calculated?
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Study Notes
Exam Instructions
- Students must arrive at least 30 minutes before the start of their exam.
- Attendance is mandatory according to the announced detailed exam timetable; no excuses will be accepted.
- Late students will not be allowed to join other groups.
- Each station will last 2 minutes.
Exam Requirements
- Students must wear a white coat, mask, and gloves during the exam.
- The exam consists of 6 stations in total.
Cardiac Output
- Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
Heart Rate
- Heart rate is the number of times the heart beats per minute, measured in beats per minute (bpm).
- Normal adult heart rate is 60-100 bpm.
- Heart rate is affected by:
- Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
- Exercise and physical activity
- Age, sex, and fitness level
- Temperature and humidity
- Medications and hormones
Stroke Volume
- Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per beat, measured in milliliters (mL).
- Normal adult stroke volume is 60-120 mL.
- Stroke volume is affected by:
- Preload (venous return)
- Afterload (arterial resistance)
- Contractility (heart muscle strength)
- Heart size and shape
- Valve function and blood viscosity
Cardiac Output Calculation
- Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying heart rate and stroke volume: CO (L/min) = HR (bpm) x SV (mL) / 1000.
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