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Questions and Answers
What is the condition for equilibrium?
What is the condition for equilibrium?
The charge of H2O ligand is always negative.
The charge of H2O ligand is always negative.
False
What is the term for the process of forming a hydroxo ligand?
What is the term for the process of forming a hydroxo ligand?
Deprotonation
The average electronegativity is represented by the symbol _______.
The average electronegativity is represented by the symbol _______.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What is the role of water in the formation of hydroxo ligands?
What is the role of water in the formation of hydroxo ligands?
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The oxidation state of the metal is irrelevant in the formation of hydroxo ligands.
The oxidation state of the metal is irrelevant in the formation of hydroxo ligands.
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What is the value of i* in the equation for average electronegativity?
What is the value of i* in the equation for average electronegativity?
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The formation of hydroxo ligands requires a metal cation with an oxidation state of _______.
The formation of hydroxo ligands requires a metal cation with an oxidation state of _______.
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What is the term for the group that is formed when the metal cation is an acid and water acts as a Lewis base?
What is the term for the group that is formed when the metal cation is an acid and water acts as a Lewis base?
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Study Notes
Sol-Gel Synthesis of Metal Oxides
- Sol-gel synthesis is a cost-effective method for producing metal oxides via hydrolysis and condensation of metal cations in aqueous solutions.
- This method is a bottom-up synthesis approach using a green chemistry and soft chemistry route (low temperatures and wet chemistry).
Partial Charge Model
- The Partial Charge Model provides a guide to describe and predict hydrolysis and condensation reactions in aqueous solutions.
- The model helps in predicting the average electronegativity (χmoy) of a metal cation, which is essential for understanding hydrolysis and condensation reactions.
Hydrolysis and Condensation
- Hydrolysis occurs when metal cations react with water, leading to the formation of hydroxo ligands.
- Condensation reactions occur when hydroxo ligands react with each other, resulting in the formation of metal oxides.
Sol-Gel Process
- The sol-gel process involves several steps, including hydrolysis, polymerization, drying, and densification.
- The process allows for the development of nano-structured materials with a wide range of applications.
Sol and Gel
- A sol is a liquid system with colloidal solid particles suspended in it.
- A gel is a liquid system with a semi-solid character, featuring a three-dimensional solid network.
Silica Xerogel and Aerogel
- Silica xerogels are obtained through drying and densification of silica gels.
- Silica aerogels are obtained through supercritical drying of silica gels, preserving the structure of the humid gel.
Densification and Shaping
- Densification of xerogels can lead to surface cracking due to capillary forces.
- Different shaping techniques can be used to create various forms of silica gels and aerogels.
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