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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of IgM immunoglobulins?

  • They are sensitive to cysteine
  • They are the first ones to appear after antigenic stimulus (correct)
  • They are involved in type I hypersensitivity
  • They have a strong action on Gram-negative bacteria

    • What is the function of secretory IgA?

  • To opsonize phagocytosis
  • To produce antibodies against Gram-negative bacteria
  • To cause type I hypersensitivity reactions
  • To protect the mucosal layer against microbial aggression (correct)

    • What is virulence?

  • The ability of an organism to produce toxins
  • The ability of an organism to colonize the host at the cellular level
  • The ability of an organism to resist antibiotics
  • The ability of an organism to infect the host and cause disease (correct)

    • What is the function of bacterial pathogenic structural factors?

    <p>To assist the bacterium in colonizing the host at the cellular level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shape are sarcina bacteria?

    <p>Spherical-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of leptospira bacteria?

    <p>Spiral-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used for the identification of isolated bacterial cultures?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is eubiotics?

    <p>A type of probiotic, such as lactobacterine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the cytoplasmic membrane?

    <p>Phospholipids and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of opsonization of phagocytosis?

    <p>To enhance the engulfment of foreign particles by phagocytic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bacterial Susceptibility and Antibiotics

    • A bacterial strain is considered susceptible to an antibiotic if MIC: TC is 8:4 or 8:32.
    • Rifampicin inhibits the synthesis of nucleic acid.

    Anaerobic Conditions

    • Anaerobic conditions are created by mechanical, physical, chemical, and biological methods.

    Bacteriological Methods

    • At the third step of bacteriological method, the workload includes study of culture character and susceptibility test (antibiotic).
    • At the second step of isolation of aerobic culture, the workload includes study of morphotinctorial character and study of culture features.

    Bacterial Shapes

    • Bacteria with elongated shapes include E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium tetani, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

    Bacteriophages

    • Bacteriophages attach to specific receptors on the cellular wall of bacteria, cytoplasmic membrane, or pilus.

    Culture Media

    • Culture media must be sterile, nutritious, and have a certain potential redox.
    • The concentration of agar to obtain semi-solid media is around 0.5-1.5%.

    Sterilization

    • Autoclaving is performed at temperatures of 121°C for 15-30 minutes or 134°C for 5-10 minutes.
    • Sterilization is indispensable for instruments that penetrate the outer layers of the organism and tissues.

    Microbial Aggression

    • Structural factors that provide microbial aggression include pili, glycocalyx, and surface antigens.

    Bacterial Cell Wall

    • The cell wall contains peptidoglycan and is essential for the bacterial cell.
    • Bacteria with defective cell walls include protoplasts, spheroplasts, and L-forms.

    Bacterial Motility

    • Methods of studying bacterial motility include dark field microscopy, phase-contrast microscopy, and electron microscopy.

    Prokaryotic Cells

    • Prokaryotic cells have 70S ribosomes, no nuclear membrane, and contain mesosomes.
    • The genetic system is located in the prokaryotes in the nucleoid.

    Bacterial Spores

    • The arrangement of bacterial spores in the cell can be terminal, bipolar, subterminal, or central.

    Antibody Production

    • IgM immunoglobulins are the first to appear after antigenic stimulus, opsonize for phagocytosis, and are sensitive to cysteine.
    • IgA immunoglobulins protect the mucosal layer against microbial aggression and are produced by plasmocytes.

    Virulence

    • Virulence is the ability of an organism to infect the host and cause disease.
    • Virulence factors are molecules that assist the bacterium in colonizing the host at the cellular level.

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