Cardiovascular System Part 1

From high pressure to low pressure

Arteries are closer to the heart than veins

Systolic pressure

High elasticity

Mean arterial pressure

To create high pressure in the arteries

Thick walls and smooth muscle layer

Pressure decreases

Diagnosing wounds or injuries

To promote exchange of substances

Arteries have thicker walls and narrower diameters, while veins have thinner walls and wider diameters

To control blood flow and distribution

To regulate arteriole diameter, causing vasoconstriction or vasodilation

Two-thirds

Thin walls with one layer of simple squamous epithelial tissue

To prevent backflow and ensure blood returns to the heart

It creates resistance to slow down blood flow

They have thick walls and small diameters

They are essential for their effectiveness

Arteries = Large diameter, thick walls, and a smooth muscle layer Capillaries = Small diameter, allowing for gas exchange Venules = Small diameter, low pressure Veins = Large diameter, thin walls, and low pressure

Systolic pressure = Pressure in arteries when the heart's ventricles relax Diastolic pressure = Pressure in arteries when the heart's ventricles contract Mean arterial pressure = Average pressure in the arteries throughout the cardiac cycle Blood pressure = Pressure in veins when the heart's ventricles relax

Heart = Pumps blood out into arteries Arteries = Allow for rapid transit of blood Capillaries = Permit exchange of oxygen and nutrients Veins = Carry blood back to the heart

Distensible = Allows arteries to withstand high pressure Elastic = Enables arteries to snap back into place after stretching Thick walls = Provides structural support for high pressure Smooth muscle layer = Helps regulate blood flow

Arteries = Closest to the heart Arterioles = Between arteries and capillaries Capillaries = Between arterioles and venules Veins = Furthest from the heart

High pressure = Arteries Decreasing pressure = Arterioles, capillaries, and venules Low pressure = Veins Increasing pressure = Arterioles and capillaries

Arteries = Rapid transit of blood Arterioles = Regulation of blood flow Capillaries = Permit exchange of oxygen and nutrients Veins = Slowing down of blood flow

Blood pressure = Force exerted by blood on blood vessel walls Pressure gradient = Difference in pressure between arteries and veins Cardiac cycle = Sequence of events in the heart's pumping action Vascular system = Network of blood vessels

Arteries = High-pressure, thick walls, and muscular Veins = Low-pressure, thin walls, and distensible Arterioles = Small diameter, high resistance, and regulated by sympathetic division Capillaries = Narrowest, highly branched, and thin walls for exchange

Arteries = Serve as a pressure reservoir and push blood through the cardiovascular system Veins = Store blood and ensure return to the heart Arterioles = Control blood distribution throughout the body Capillaries = Facilitate exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other molecules

Arteries = Thick walls with smooth muscle and connective tissue Veins = Thin walls with less smooth muscle and connective tissue Arterioles = Smooth muscle within their walls Capillaries = Simple squamous epithelial tissue, one layer thick

Arteries = Smaller diameter, high pressure Veins = Larger diameter, low pressure Arterioles = Smaller diameter, high resistance Capillaries = Narrowest, highly branched

Arteries = High pressure during systole, low pressure during diastole Veins = Low pressure, allowing for blood return to the heart Arterioles = Regulate blood pressure through vasoconstriction and vasodilation Capillaries = Low pressure, allowing for efficient exchange

Arteries = Closest to the heart, distributing oxygenated blood Veins = Closest to the heart, returning deoxygenated blood Arterioles = Between arteries and capillaries, regulating blood flow Capillaries = Between arterioles and venules, facilitating exchange

Arteries = Elastic walls, allowing for expansion and recoil Veins = Valves preventing backflow and distensibility Arterioles = Regulation by the sympathetic division Capillaries = Highly branched network and thin walls

Arteries = Pushing blood through the cardiovascular system Veins = Returning blood to the heart Arterioles = Controlling blood distribution and pressure Capillaries = Facilitating exchange of oxygen and nutrients

Arteries = Branching, distributing blood to various regions Veins = Converging, returning blood to the heart Arterioles = Narrowing, increasing resistance to flow Capillaries = Highly branched, facilitating exchange

Atria

To prevent blood from flowing back into the atria during ventricular contraction

Patent foramen ovale (PFO)

To prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation

Abnormal heart sounds (murmurs)

They are larger and more muscular

The valves close to produce the 'lub-dup' sound

To prevent backflow and maintain blood pressure

Atria = Thin-walled, smaller upper chambers Ventricles = Larger, more muscular lower chambers

Atrioventricular valves = Between the ventricles and arteries Semilunar valves = Between the atria and ventricles

Lub (S1) = Semilunar valves closing Dup (S2) = Atrioventricular valves closing

Foramen ovale = Remains open after birth Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) = Closes after birth Patent foramen ovale (PFO) = Remains open after birth

Atrioventricular valves = Prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles Semilunar valves = Prevent blood from flowing back into the atria

Atria = More muscular Ventricles = Thin-walled

To store oxygen for later use

Myocardial infarction

Abnormal electrical activity

To increase oxygen supply to the heart tissue

To detect proteins normally found in heart muscle cells

To prevent further clotting

Anticoagulants and angioplasty

Decreased oxygen supply to the heart tissue

Death of heart tissue

To dilate blood vessels

Coronary arteries = Supply the heart with a constant flow of blood Myoglobin = Stores oxygen for later use Cardiac veins = Drains blood from the heart Mitochondria = Generates energy for the heart muscle

Necrosis = Death of heart tissue Ischemia = Inadequate blood flow Hypoxia = Insufficient oxygen supply Tombstoning effect = Abnormal electrical activity in the heart

Aspirin = Prevents further clotting Oxygen supplementation = Increases oxygen supply Nitroglycerin = Dilates blood vessels Anticoagulants = Restores blood flow

Heart muscle = High concentration of mitochondria Cardiac veins = Drains blood from the heart Coronary arteries = Supplies blood to the heart Myoglobin = Oxygen-storing molecule

ECG = Reveals abnormal electrical activity Creatine kinase and troponin = Indicates damage to heart tissue Blood tests = Detects elevated levels of proteins Angioplasty = Restores blood flow

Heart muscle = Pumps blood out of the heart Cardiac veins = Drains blood from the heart Coronary arteries = Supplies blood to the heart Mitochondria = Generates energy for the heart muscle

Ischemia = Inadequate blood flow Hypoxia = Insufficient oxygen supply Necrosis = Death of heart tissue Tombstoning effect = Abnormal electrical activity

Myoglobin = Stores oxygen for later use Mitochondria = Generates energy for the heart muscle Coronary arteries = Supplies blood to the heart Cardiac veins = Drains blood from the heart

Anticoagulants = Restore blood flow Oxygen supplementation = Increases oxygen supply Aspirin = Prevents further clotting Angioplasty = Restores blood flow

Blood tests = Detects elevated levels of proteins ECG = Reveals abnormal electrical activity Creatine kinase and troponin = Indicates damage to heart tissue Nitroglycerin = Dilates blood vessels

Autorhythmicity cells

To allow for electrical synapses and coordinated contraction

It has a long refractory period and absence of sustained contractions

Sinoatrial node

To slow down the electrical signal

To produce pacemaker potentials and lead to arrhythmias

Intercalated discs and gap junctions

To ensure complete relaxation and refilling of the heart between contractions

To produce pacemaker potentials and spread electrical signals through the heart

Cardiac muscle contraction has a long refractory period and absence of sustained contractions

To detect voltage changes through electrodes on the skin surface

The depolarization of the atria

Bradycardia

Atrial fibrillation

All of the above

Asystole

AV node block

The use of an artificial pacemaker to stimulate ventricular contractions

It increases the risk of heart attack and stroke

A complete lack of coordination in the cardiac muscle

P wave = Depolarization of the atria QRS complex = Depolarization of the ventricles T wave = Repolarization of the ventricles R-R interval = Time between ventricular contractions

Atrial fibrillation = Lack of coordination in the conduction system Ventricular fibrillation = Complete lack of coordination in the cardiac muscle Asystole = Complete lack of electrical activity in the heart Bradycardia = Heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute

Autorhythmicity cells = Capable of depolarizing spontaneously and producing pacemaker potentials Normal cardiac muscle cells = Highly branched and interconnected with intercalated discs and gap junctions Sinoatrial node cells = Found in the atria and responsible for contraction Atrioventricular node cells = Responsible for slowing down the electrical signal

Defibrillator = Ventricular fibrillation Artificial pacemaker = AV node block CPR and medications = Asystole No treatment mentioned = Atrial fibrillation

Sinoatrial node = Produces an action potential that spreads through the atria Atrioventricular node = Slows down the electrical signal before it reaches the ventricles Intercalated discs = Allow for electrical synapses and coordinated contraction Gap junctions = Found in the atrioventricular node and responsible for slowing down the signal

Action potential = Involves voltage-gated channels and calcium release Voltage-gated channels = Allow for the influx of calcium ions Calcium release = Triggers muscle contraction Refractory period = Ensures complete relaxation and refilling of the heart between contractions

Less than 60 beats per minute = Bradycardia Greater than 100 beats per minute = Tachycardia 60-100 beats per minute = Normal heart rate 0 beats per minute = Asystole

Atrial fibrillation = Increases risk of heart attack and stroke Ventricular fibrillation = Rapidly leads to death if left untreated Asystole = No blood flow to the brain and other tissues AV node block = Delays transmission of electrical signals from atria to ventricles

Sinoatrial node = Upper right atrium Atrioventricular node = Between the atria and ventricles Atria = Receive the electrical signal from the sinoatrial node Ventricles = Conduct the electrical signal from the atrioventricular node

Highly branched = Allows for the spread of electrical signals Interconnected = Through intercalated discs and gap junctions Intercalated discs = Found at the end of each muscle fiber Gap junctions = Allow for the direct transmission of electrical signals

AV node = Transmits electrical signals from atria to ventricles Bundle of His = Spreads electrical signals to ventricles Purkinje fibers = Leads to ventricular contraction Sinoatrial node = Generates electrical signals

Sinoatrial node = Pacemaker of the heart Atrioventricular node = Delays the electrical signal to the ventricles Atria = Receive and spread the electrical signal Ventricles = Pump blood out of the heart

P wave = Depolarization of the atria QRS complex = Depolarization of the ventricles T wave = Repolarization of the ventricles R-R interval = Time between ventricular contractions

Autorhythmicity = Ability to depolarize spontaneously and produce pacemaker potentials Contractility = Ability to contract and pump blood Conductivity = Ability to transmit electrical signals Excitability = Ability to respond to electrical signals

Sinoatrial node = Initiates the heartbeat Atrioventricular node = Slows down the heartbeat Intercalated discs = Enhance coordinated contraction Gap junctions = Increase the speed of electrical transmission

Diagnosing arrhythmias = Identifying abnormal heart rhythms Measuring heart rate = Determining number of beats per minute Detecting voltage changes = Measuring electrical activity of the heart None of the above = No other purpose mentioned

Atrial fibrillation = No treatment mentioned Ventricular fibrillation = Defibrillator Asystole = CPR and medications AV node block = Artificial pacemaker

Action potential = Triggers muscle contractions Voltage-gated channels = Allow for calcium release Calcium release = Triggers muscle contraction Refractory period = Prevents sustained contractions

Sinoatrial node = Self-excitable and able to depolarize spontaneously Atrioventricular node = Delayed response to the electrical signal Atria = Thin-walled and receive the electrical signal Ventricles = Thick-walled and pump blood out of the heart

Contraction of the atria, followed by relaxation of the atria, and then contraction of the ventricles

Contraction of the heart

Diastole

Systolic pressure

Relaxation of the atria, followed by contraction of the ventricles

The sequence of events that the heart undergoes as it contracts and relaxes

Relaxation of the heart

Systole is contraction of the heart, while diastole is relaxation of the heart