Chapter 41 - fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance
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Questions and Answers

Match

Respiratory Acidosis = Primary excess of carbonic acid in ECF Respiratory Alkalosis = Primary deficit of carbonic acid in ECF Metabolic Acidosis = Proportionate deficit of bicarbonate in ECF Metabolic Alkalosis = Primary excess of bicarbonate in ECF

Match

Metabolic Alkalosis = A disease state where the bodys PH is elevated to greater than 7.45 secondary to some metabolic process Metabolic Acidosis = The buildup of acid in the body due to kidney disease or kidney failure Respiratory Acidosis = A state in which there is usually a failure of ventilation and an accumulation of carbon dioxide. Respiratory Alkalosis = Occurs during hyperventilation

Match

Isotonic = Same concentration of particles than plasma Hypertonic = Greater concentration of articles than plasma Hypotonic = Lesser concentration of particles than plasma Hypochloremia/Hyperchloremia = Change in Chloride ions in blood

Match

<p>Sodium = Hyponatremia/Hypernatremia Potassium = Hypokalemia/Hyperkalemia Calcium = Hypocalcemia/Hypercalcemia Magnesium = Hypomagnesemia/Hypermagnesemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match

<p>Adrenal Glands = Help conserve sodium, save chloride and water, excretes potassium Phosphate in blood = Hypophosphatemia/Hyperphosphatemia Parathyroid Glands = Regulate the level of calcium in ECF Thyroid Gland = Increases blood flow in the body and increases renal circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match

<p>Lungs = Regulate oxygen and carbon dioxide levels of the blood Pituitary Gland = Stores and releases ADH Nervous system = inhibits and stimulates mechanisms influencing fluid balance GI tract = Absorbs water and nutrients that enter the body through this route</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match

<p>Blank = Blank Sodium = Na+ Potassium = K+ Calcium = Ca2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Magnesium = Mg2+ Chloride = Cl- Bicarbonate = HCO3- Phosphate = PO4-</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blank = Blank Chloride (Cl-) = Maintains osmotic pressure in blood, produces hydrochloric acid Bicarbonate (HCO3-) = Body's primary buffer system, regulates acid-base balance Phosphate (PO4-) = Involved in important chemical reactions in the body, cell division, and hereditary traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Magnesium (Mg2+) = Metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins, vital actions involving enzymes. Calcium (Ca2+) = Nerve impulse, blood clotting, muscle contraction, B12 absorption Potassium (K+) = Chief regulator of cellular enzyme activity and water content Sodium (Na+) = Controls and regulates volume of body fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the serum concentration

<p>Sodium (Na+) = 135-145 mEg/L Potassium (K+) = 3.5-5.0 mEg/L Calcium (Ca2+) normal serum = 8.6-10.2 mg/dL Calcium (Ca2+) ionized serum = 4.5-5.1 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the serum conectration

<p>Phosphate (PO4-) = 2.5-4.5 mg/dL Bicarbonate (HCO3-) = 25-29 mEg/L Chloride (Cl-) = 97-107 mEg/L Magnesium (Mg2+) = 1.3-2.3 mEg/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lab studies to assess for imbalances

<p>All Answers are Correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte imbalance is associated with high levels of phosphate in blood?

<p>Hyperphosphatemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk factor for acid-base imbalances?

<p>Burns</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fluid intake and output assessment is part of monitoring for:

<p>Fluid imbalances</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate daily fluid intake and output balance over 3 days?

<p>$2,500 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

IV therapy includes PICCs, Implanted ports, Tunneled central venous catheters and?

<p>Non-tunneled percutaneous catheters</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ of the body plays a key role in regulating fluid, electrolytes, and acid-base balance?

<p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fluid loss cannot be measured or seen?

<p>Insensible</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition occurs when the body's compensatory mechanisms fail to maintain a homeostatic state?

<p>Fluid imbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'isotonic' refer to in relation to fluid composition?

<p>Fluid with the same concentration as plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal serum concentration range for potassium in the body?

<p>3.5–5.0 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do normal kidneys contribute to fluid balance in the body?

<p>By regulating extracellular fluid and electrolyte levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fluid loss can be measured and include fluid lost during urination, defecation, and wounds?

<p>Sensible fluid loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte imbalance is associated with changes in chloride ions in the blood?

<p>Hypochloremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hypokalemia refer to?

<p>Low potassium levels in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a greater concentration of particles than plasma?

<p>Hypertonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of fluid composition, what does the term 'hypomagnesemia' indicate?

<p>Low magnesium levels in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal serum concentration range for sodium in the body?

<p>135-145 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte imbalance is associated with low levels of calcium in the blood?

<p>Hypocalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal serum level range for bicarbonate in the body?

<p>25-29 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe a fluid with a lower concentration of particles than plasma?

<p>Hypotonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ plays a key role in filtering plasma and regulating fluid balance in the body?

<p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of imbalance occurs when there is disproportionate levels of carbonic acid or bicarbonate in the body?

<p>Acid-base imbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for total serum calcium level?

<p>8.6–10.2 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for serum phosphate level?

<p>2.5–4.5 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hyponatremia refer to?

<p>Low sodium levels in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential health problem associated with fluid imbalance?

<p>Impaired fluid intake, overload, and imbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a healthy individuals fluid intake and losses are about equal.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

When choosing a vein site, we need to look at the accessibility and condition of the vein as well as the type of fluid and duration of infusion.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

specific gravity normal range for _____ is 1,010-1,025

<p>Urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match

<p>Normal serum concentration of magnesium = 1.3–2.3 mEq/L Cardiovascular = pumps and carries nutrients and water in body. Normal serum level of chloride = 97–107 mEq/L Urine specific gravity normal range = 1,010-1,025</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

  • Fluid balance is maintained through the functions of almost every organ in the body.
  • In a healthy individual, fluid intake and losses are approximately equal.
  • Fluid is lost through the body in two ways: sensible (measurable) and insensible (not measurable).
  • Sensible fluid loss includes urination, defecation, and wounds.
  • Insensible fluid loss includes evaporation through skin and water vapor from lungs during respiration.
  • Fluid imbalances occur when the body's compensatory mechanisms are unable to maintain a homeostatic state.
  • Fluid imbalances involve either the volume or distribution of water or electrolytes.

Electrolyte Imbalances

  • Hyponatremia and hypernatremia: Sodium imbalance.
  • Hyponatremia: Sodium level < 135 mEq/L.
  • Hypernatremia: Sodium level > 145 mEq/L.
  • Normal serum concentration of sodium: 135-145 mEq/L.
  • Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia: Potassium imbalance.
  • Hypokalemia: Potassium level < 3.5 mEq/L.
  • Hyperkalemia: Potassium level > 5.0 mEq/L.
  • Normal serum concentration of potassium: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L.
  • Hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia: Calcium imbalance.
  • Hypocalcemia: Calcium level < 8.6 mg/dL (total) or < 4.5 mg/dL (ionized).
  • Hypercalcemia: Calcium level > 10.2 mg/dL (total) or > 5.1 mg/dL (ionized).
  • Normal total serum calcium level: 8.6-10.2 mg/dL.
  • Normal ionized serum calcium level: 4.5-5.1 mg/dL.
  • Hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia: Magnesium imbalance.
  • Hypomagnesemia: Magnesium level < 1.3 mEq/L.
  • Hypermagnesemia: Magnesium level > 2.3 mEq/L.
  • Normal serum concentration of magnesium: 1.3-2.3 mEq/L.
  • Hypochloremia and hyperchloremia: Chloride imbalance.
  • Hypochloremia: Chloride level < 97 mEq/L.
  • Hyperchloremia: Chloride level > 107 mEq/L.
  • Normal serum level of chloride: 97-107 mEq/L.

Acid-Base Balance

  • Acid-base imbalances occur when carbonic acid or bicarbonate levels become disproportionate.

IV Therapy

  • Four types of IV therapy include PICCs, Non-tunneled percutaneous and Tunneled central venous catheters, and Implanted ports.
  • When choosing a vein site, consider accessibility and condition of the vein, as well as type of fluid and duration of infusion.

Clinical Measurements and Procedures

Anthropometric Measurements

  • Anthropometric measurements quantify specific body features using non-invasive techniques.
  • Commonly measured parameters include height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, blood pressure measurements, and skinfold thicknesses.
  • These metrics can evaluate growth patterns, nutritional status, and risk factors associated with chronic diseases.

Imaging Techniques

  • Imaging techniques utilize electromagnetic radiation, ultrasound waves, magnetic fields, or other energy sources to produce visual representations of internal structures and processes.
  • Examples of imaging modalities include X-ray radiography, computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET).
  • These procedures diagnose injuries, diseases, and abnormalities, and guide therapeutic interventions.

Laboratory Tests

  • Laboratory tests detect and measure various substances, including hormones, enzymes, electrolytes, glucose levels, proteins, antibodies, and infectious agents.
  • These tests diagnose specific illnesses, determine drug levels for therapeutic monitoring, and identify underlying conditions causing symptoms.

Physiological Monitoring

  • Physiological monitoring involves continuous assessment of vital signs and bodily functions to maintain optimal patient care.
  • Commonly monitored physiological indices include heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation levels, and blood pressure.
  • Monitoring these parameters helps identify complications or deterioration early on, ensuring timely intervention and improving patient outcomes.

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