43 Questions
Match
Respiratory Acidosis = Primary excess of carbonic acid in ECF Respiratory Alkalosis = Primary deficit of carbonic acid in ECF Metabolic Acidosis = Proportionate deficit of bicarbonate in ECF Metabolic Alkalosis = Primary excess of bicarbonate in ECF
Match
Metabolic Alkalosis = A disease state where the bodys PH is elevated to greater than 7.45 secondary to some metabolic process Metabolic Acidosis = The buildup of acid in the body due to kidney disease or kidney failure Respiratory Acidosis = A state in which there is usually a failure of ventilation and an accumulation of carbon dioxide. Respiratory Alkalosis = Occurs during hyperventilation
Match
Isotonic = Same concentration of particles than plasma Hypertonic = Greater concentration of articles than plasma Hypotonic = Lesser concentration of particles than plasma Hypochloremia/Hyperchloremia = Change in Chloride ions in blood
Match
Sodium = Hyponatremia/Hypernatremia Potassium = Hypokalemia/Hyperkalemia Calcium = Hypocalcemia/Hypercalcemia Magnesium = Hypomagnesemia/Hypermagnesemia
Match
Adrenal Glands = Help conserve sodium, save chloride and water, excretes potassium Phosphate in blood = Hypophosphatemia/Hyperphosphatemia Parathyroid Glands = Regulate the level of calcium in ECF Thyroid Gland = Increases blood flow in the body and increases renal circulation
Match
Lungs = Regulate oxygen and carbon dioxide levels of the blood Pituitary Gland = Stores and releases ADH Nervous system = inhibits and stimulates mechanisms influencing fluid balance GI tract = Absorbs water and nutrients that enter the body through this route
Match
Blank = Blank Sodium = Na+ Potassium = K+ Calcium = Ca2+
Magnesium = Mg2+ Chloride = Cl- Bicarbonate = HCO3- Phosphate = PO4-
Blank = Blank Chloride (Cl-) = Maintains osmotic pressure in blood, produces hydrochloric acid Bicarbonate (HCO3-) = Body's primary buffer system, regulates acid-base balance Phosphate (PO4-) = Involved in important chemical reactions in the body, cell division, and hereditary traits
Magnesium (Mg2+) = Metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins, vital actions involving enzymes. Calcium (Ca2+) = Nerve impulse, blood clotting, muscle contraction, B12 absorption Potassium (K+) = Chief regulator of cellular enzyme activity and water content Sodium (Na+) = Controls and regulates volume of body fluids
Match the serum concentration
Sodium (Na+) = 135-145 mEg/L Potassium (K+) = 3.5-5.0 mEg/L Calcium (Ca2+) normal serum = 8.6-10.2 mg/dL Calcium (Ca2+) ionized serum = 4.5-5.1 mg/dL
Match the serum conectration
Phosphate (PO4-) = 2.5-4.5 mg/dL Bicarbonate (HCO3-) = 25-29 mEg/L Chloride (Cl-) = 97-107 mEg/L Magnesium (Mg2+) = 1.3-2.3 mEg/L
Lab studies to assess for imbalances
All Answers are Correct
Which electrolyte imbalance is associated with high levels of phosphate in blood?
Hyperphosphatemia
What is a risk factor for acid-base imbalances?
Burns
Fluid intake and output assessment is part of monitoring for:
Fluid imbalances
What is the approximate daily fluid intake and output balance over 3 days?
$2,500 mL
IV therapy includes PICCs, Implanted ports, Tunneled central venous catheters and?
Non-tunneled percutaneous catheters
Which organ of the body plays a key role in regulating fluid, electrolytes, and acid-base balance?
Kidneys
What type of fluid loss cannot be measured or seen?
Insensible
Which condition occurs when the body's compensatory mechanisms fail to maintain a homeostatic state?
Fluid imbalance
What does the term 'isotonic' refer to in relation to fluid composition?
Fluid with the same concentration as plasma
What is the normal serum concentration range for potassium in the body?
3.5–5.0 mEq/L
How do normal kidneys contribute to fluid balance in the body?
By regulating extracellular fluid and electrolyte levels
What type of fluid loss can be measured and include fluid lost during urination, defecation, and wounds?
Sensible fluid loss
Which electrolyte imbalance is associated with changes in chloride ions in the blood?
Hypochloremia
What does hypokalemia refer to?
Low potassium levels in the blood
What is the term for a greater concentration of particles than plasma?
Hypertonic
In terms of fluid composition, what does the term 'hypomagnesemia' indicate?
Low magnesium levels in the blood
What is the normal serum concentration range for sodium in the body?
135-145 mEq/L
Which electrolyte imbalance is associated with low levels of calcium in the blood?
Hypocalcemia
What is the normal serum level range for bicarbonate in the body?
25-29 mEq/L
What term is used to describe a fluid with a lower concentration of particles than plasma?
Hypotonic
Which organ plays a key role in filtering plasma and regulating fluid balance in the body?
Kidneys
What type of imbalance occurs when there is disproportionate levels of carbonic acid or bicarbonate in the body?
Acid-base imbalance
What is the normal range for total serum calcium level?
8.6–10.2 mg/dL
What is the normal range for serum phosphate level?
2.5–4.5 mg/dL
What does hyponatremia refer to?
Low sodium levels in the blood
What is a potential health problem associated with fluid imbalance?
Impaired fluid intake, overload, and imbalance
In a healthy individuals fluid intake and losses are about equal.
True
When choosing a vein site, we need to look at the accessibility and condition of the vein as well as the type of fluid and duration of infusion.
True
specific gravity normal range for _____ is 1,010-1,025
Urine
Match
Normal serum concentration of magnesium = 1.3–2.3 mEq/L Cardiovascular = pumps and carries nutrients and water in body. Normal serum level of chloride = 97–107 mEq/L Urine specific gravity normal range = 1,010-1,025
Study Notes
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
- Fluid balance is maintained through the functions of almost every organ in the body.
- In a healthy individual, fluid intake and losses are approximately equal.
- Fluid is lost through the body in two ways: sensible (measurable) and insensible (not measurable).
- Sensible fluid loss includes urination, defecation, and wounds.
- Insensible fluid loss includes evaporation through skin and water vapor from lungs during respiration.
- Fluid imbalances occur when the body's compensatory mechanisms are unable to maintain a homeostatic state.
- Fluid imbalances involve either the volume or distribution of water or electrolytes.
Electrolyte Imbalances
- Hyponatremia and hypernatremia: Sodium imbalance.
- Hyponatremia: Sodium level < 135 mEq/L.
- Hypernatremia: Sodium level > 145 mEq/L.
- Normal serum concentration of sodium: 135-145 mEq/L.
- Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia: Potassium imbalance.
- Hypokalemia: Potassium level < 3.5 mEq/L.
- Hyperkalemia: Potassium level > 5.0 mEq/L.
- Normal serum concentration of potassium: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L.
- Hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia: Calcium imbalance.
- Hypocalcemia: Calcium level < 8.6 mg/dL (total) or < 4.5 mg/dL (ionized).
- Hypercalcemia: Calcium level > 10.2 mg/dL (total) or > 5.1 mg/dL (ionized).
- Normal total serum calcium level: 8.6-10.2 mg/dL.
- Normal ionized serum calcium level: 4.5-5.1 mg/dL.
- Hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia: Magnesium imbalance.
- Hypomagnesemia: Magnesium level < 1.3 mEq/L.
- Hypermagnesemia: Magnesium level > 2.3 mEq/L.
- Normal serum concentration of magnesium: 1.3-2.3 mEq/L.
- Hypochloremia and hyperchloremia: Chloride imbalance.
- Hypochloremia: Chloride level < 97 mEq/L.
- Hyperchloremia: Chloride level > 107 mEq/L.
- Normal serum level of chloride: 97-107 mEq/L.
Acid-Base Balance
- Acid-base imbalances occur when carbonic acid or bicarbonate levels become disproportionate.
IV Therapy
- Four types of IV therapy include PICCs, Non-tunneled percutaneous and Tunneled central venous catheters, and Implanted ports.
- When choosing a vein site, consider accessibility and condition of the vein, as well as type of fluid and duration of infusion.
Clinical Measurements and Procedures
Anthropometric Measurements
- Anthropometric measurements quantify specific body features using non-invasive techniques.
- Commonly measured parameters include height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, blood pressure measurements, and skinfold thicknesses.
- These metrics can evaluate growth patterns, nutritional status, and risk factors associated with chronic diseases.
Imaging Techniques
- Imaging techniques utilize electromagnetic radiation, ultrasound waves, magnetic fields, or other energy sources to produce visual representations of internal structures and processes.
- Examples of imaging modalities include X-ray radiography, computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET).
- These procedures diagnose injuries, diseases, and abnormalities, and guide therapeutic interventions.
Laboratory Tests
- Laboratory tests detect and measure various substances, including hormones, enzymes, electrolytes, glucose levels, proteins, antibodies, and infectious agents.
- These tests diagnose specific illnesses, determine drug levels for therapeutic monitoring, and identify underlying conditions causing symptoms.
Physiological Monitoring
- Physiological monitoring involves continuous assessment of vital signs and bodily functions to maintain optimal patient care.
- Commonly monitored physiological indices include heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation levels, and blood pressure.
- Monitoring these parameters helps identify complications or deterioration early on, ensuring timely intervention and improving patient outcomes.
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