Lecture 6

Questions and Answers

Which group of students experienced a significant increase in their grades after a growth mindset intervention?

Students with a 'mind as muscle' mindset

Research has shown that boys tend to receive more _______ praise compared to girls.

Process praise

What is the characteristic of students with mastery goals?

They have better marks than students with performance goals.

What is the outcome of praising a person's quality, such as intelligence?

It discourages a growth mindset. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when children are praised for non-academic behaviors?

They discount the authenticity of academic praise Signup and view all the answers

Girls are more likely to be praised for _______ and criticized academically.

Non-academic behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is the mindset associated with performance goals?

Entity mindset. Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of immediate reward and person praise?

Reduced intrinsic motivation and mastery goals Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of praising a process, such as effort?

It encourages a growth mindset. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of encouraging entity mindsets?

Primary concern to maintain self-image and avoid looking dumb Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with mastery goals?

Approach-mastery. Signup and view all the answers

What did the person-praised children want to avoid?

Revealing they were not smart. Signup and view all the answers

What did the process-praised children want to do?

Take hard puzzles to learn. Signup and view all the answers

What happened to all children after being given a hard set of puzzles?

They all failed. Signup and view all the answers

What was observed in process-praised children?

They enjoyed the process and wanted to improve Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of children with entity mindsets?

They may not try because of fear of failure Signup and view all the answers

What did the growth mindset intervention study demonstrate?

The mind is a muscle that can be strengthened Signup and view all the answers

What is a goal of children with growth mindsets?

To study and learn new things Signup and view all the answers

What is a reason why entity mindset children may not try?

Because they are afraid of failure and looking dumb Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of person-praised children?

They are stressed and sad Signup and view all the answers

Why do entity mindset children cheat?

Because they are afraid of failure Signup and view all the answers

What is a difference between entity and growth mindsets?

Entity mindsets believe intelligence is fixed, growth mindsets believe it is achievable Signup and view all the answers

According to Bandura, children tend to imitate models of which gender?

Same sex Signup and view all the answers

What is the current concern regarding the predictive power of mindset and mindset interventions?

They may not be as effective as previously thought Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of the overhaul of research practices in the field of psychology?

Uploading raw data for any researcher to examine Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the implications of mindset research?

It suggests that system-level changes are not necessary Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach to praising children's achievements?

Praising their process, not their person Signup and view all the answers

What is a key concept in promoting a growth mindset in children?

The notion that the mind is a muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of the replication crisis in psychology?

A shift towards more rigorous research practices Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between Vygotsky's work and the concept of socioeconomic status (SES)?

Vygotsky's work highlights the importance of SES in shaping development Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of praising students by telling them that their mind is a muscle?

Increases effort and mastery goals Signup and view all the answers

Who is more likely to be praised in ways that discourage academic achievement in the USA?

Girls Signup and view all the answers

What is a difference in attitude towards maths between female and male university students?

Female students view maths more negatively, have higher math anxiety, and are less likely to pursue a degree that requires lots of maths courses Signup and view all the answers

What is a common attitude of parents towards their sons' and daughters' maths abilities?

Parents of boys have higher expectations of success in maths, and believe boys are more naturally talented at maths Signup and view all the answers

How do parents who endorse gender stereotypes in general tend to apply them to their children?

They apply them to their children, even when they see their own children's grades and performance counter the stereotypes Signup and view all the answers

How do teachers who endorse stereotypes tend to apply them to their students?

They apply them to their students, even when they see their students' grades and performance counter the stereotypes Signup and view all the answers

How do adults tend to explain equal grades achieved by boys and girls?

They explain them in different ways, depending on the student's gender Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of reducing the ability to cope with challenge and failure?

Reduced ability to cope with challenge and failure Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mastery Goals and Praise

Students with mastery goals have better marks than students with performance goals from early childhood to university.
Praising qualities of a person (e.g., "You're so smart!") can lead to an "entity" mindset, where intelligence is seen as fixed and innate, resulting in a lack of effort and inability to cope with failure.

Benefits of Process Praise

Praising processes (e.g., "You did well because you worked so hard!") encourages a "growth" mindset, where intelligence is seen as a skill achieved with hard work, leading to increased effort and mastery goals.

Person vs. Process Praise Study

A study by Carol Dweck found that students given process praise were more likely to choose challenging puzzles and enjoyed the process, while person-praised students wanted to avoid embarrassment and did worse on subsequent puzzles.

Entity vs. Growth Mindsets

Entity mindsets are associated with performance goals, avoidance, and low effort, while growth mindsets are associated with mastery goals, enjoyment, and increased effort.
Students with entity mindsets are more likely to cheat and have poorer outcomes in secondary school.

Growth Mindset Intervention

A growth mindset intervention, where students are taught that intelligence is achievable through practice, led to a significant rise in grades compared to control students.

Praise and Gender Differences

Boys are more likely to receive process praise, leading to growth mindsets, while girls are more likely to be praised for non-academic behaviors, discouraging academic achievement.

Parent and Teacher Attitudes

Adults' attitudes towards gender and maths can affect children's attitudes and abilities, with parents and teachers often endorsing gender stereotypes that maths is for boys.
These stereotypes can be self-fulfilling, leading to lower expectations and achievement for girls in maths.

Cautionary Tale

Recent research has questioned the predictive power of mindset and mindset interventions, and the "replication crisis" in psychology has led to a major overhaul of research practices.

Final Note

The concept of mindset should not be used to blame individuals for systemic problems, but rather to emphasize the importance of changing societal structures to create a more equitable environment.

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