Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which group of students experienced a significant increase in their grades after a growth mindset intervention?
Which group of students experienced a significant increase in their grades after a growth mindset intervention?
- Students with entity mindsets
- Students with a 'mind as muscle' mindset (correct)
- Students with fixed mindsets
- Control group students
Research has shown that boys tend to receive more _______ praise compared to girls.
Research has shown that boys tend to receive more _______ praise compared to girls.
- Person praise
- Ability praise
- Achievement praise
- Process praise (correct)
What is the characteristic of students with mastery goals?
What is the characteristic of students with mastery goals?
- They have lower marks than students with performance goals.
- They have the same marks as students with performance goals.
- They have better marks than students with performance goals. (correct)
- They do not perform better in any situation.
What is the outcome of praising a person's quality, such as intelligence?
What is the outcome of praising a person's quality, such as intelligence?
What happens when children are praised for non-academic behaviors?
What happens when children are praised for non-academic behaviors?
Girls are more likely to be praised for _______ and criticized academically.
Girls are more likely to be praised for _______ and criticized academically.
What is the mindset associated with performance goals?
What is the mindset associated with performance goals?
What is a consequence of immediate reward and person praise?
What is a consequence of immediate reward and person praise?
What is the outcome of praising a process, such as effort?
What is the outcome of praising a process, such as effort?
What is a potential consequence of encouraging entity mindsets?
What is a potential consequence of encouraging entity mindsets?
What is associated with mastery goals?
What is associated with mastery goals?
What did the person-praised children want to avoid?
What did the person-praised children want to avoid?
What did the process-praised children want to do?
What did the process-praised children want to do?
What happened to all children after being given a hard set of puzzles?
What happened to all children after being given a hard set of puzzles?
What was observed in process-praised children?
What was observed in process-praised children?
What is a characteristic of children with entity mindsets?
What is a characteristic of children with entity mindsets?
What did the growth mindset intervention study demonstrate?
What did the growth mindset intervention study demonstrate?
What is a goal of children with growth mindsets?
What is a goal of children with growth mindsets?
What is a reason why entity mindset children may not try?
What is a reason why entity mindset children may not try?
What is a characteristic of person-praised children?
What is a characteristic of person-praised children?
Why do entity mindset children cheat?
Why do entity mindset children cheat?
What is a difference between entity and growth mindsets?
What is a difference between entity and growth mindsets?
According to Bandura, children tend to imitate models of which gender?
According to Bandura, children tend to imitate models of which gender?
What is the current concern regarding the predictive power of mindset and mindset interventions?
What is the current concern regarding the predictive power of mindset and mindset interventions?
What is a key aspect of the overhaul of research practices in the field of psychology?
What is a key aspect of the overhaul of research practices in the field of psychology?
What is a common misconception about the implications of mindset research?
What is a common misconception about the implications of mindset research?
What is the recommended approach to praising children's achievements?
What is the recommended approach to praising children's achievements?
What is a key concept in promoting a growth mindset in children?
What is a key concept in promoting a growth mindset in children?
What is a consequence of the replication crisis in psychology?
What is a consequence of the replication crisis in psychology?
What is the relationship between Vygotsky's work and the concept of socioeconomic status (SES)?
What is the relationship between Vygotsky's work and the concept of socioeconomic status (SES)?
What is the outcome of praising students by telling them that their mind is a muscle?
What is the outcome of praising students by telling them that their mind is a muscle?
Who is more likely to be praised in ways that discourage academic achievement in the USA?
Who is more likely to be praised in ways that discourage academic achievement in the USA?
What is a difference in attitude towards maths between female and male university students?
What is a difference in attitude towards maths between female and male university students?
What is a common attitude of parents towards their sons' and daughters' maths abilities?
What is a common attitude of parents towards their sons' and daughters' maths abilities?
How do parents who endorse gender stereotypes in general tend to apply them to their children?
How do parents who endorse gender stereotypes in general tend to apply them to their children?
How do teachers who endorse stereotypes tend to apply them to their students?
How do teachers who endorse stereotypes tend to apply them to their students?
How do adults tend to explain equal grades achieved by boys and girls?
How do adults tend to explain equal grades achieved by boys and girls?
What is a common outcome of reducing the ability to cope with challenge and failure?
What is a common outcome of reducing the ability to cope with challenge and failure?
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Study Notes
Mastery Goals and Praise
- Students with mastery goals have better marks than students with performance goals from early childhood to university.
- Praising qualities of a person (e.g., "You're so smart!") can lead to an "entity" mindset, where intelligence is seen as fixed and innate, resulting in a lack of effort and inability to cope with failure.
Benefits of Process Praise
- Praising processes (e.g., "You did well because you worked so hard!") encourages a "growth" mindset, where intelligence is seen as a skill achieved with hard work, leading to increased effort and mastery goals.
Person vs. Process Praise Study
- A study by Carol Dweck found that students given process praise were more likely to choose challenging puzzles and enjoyed the process, while person-praised students wanted to avoid embarrassment and did worse on subsequent puzzles.
Entity vs. Growth Mindsets
- Entity mindsets are associated with performance goals, avoidance, and low effort, while growth mindsets are associated with mastery goals, enjoyment, and increased effort.
- Students with entity mindsets are more likely to cheat and have poorer outcomes in secondary school.
Growth Mindset Intervention
- A growth mindset intervention, where students are taught that intelligence is achievable through practice, led to a significant rise in grades compared to control students.
Praise and Gender Differences
- Boys are more likely to receive process praise, leading to growth mindsets, while girls are more likely to be praised for non-academic behaviors, discouraging academic achievement.
Parent and Teacher Attitudes
- Adults' attitudes towards gender and maths can affect children's attitudes and abilities, with parents and teachers often endorsing gender stereotypes that maths is for boys.
- These stereotypes can be self-fulfilling, leading to lower expectations and achievement for girls in maths.
Cautionary Tale
- Recent research has questioned the predictive power of mindset and mindset interventions, and the "replication crisis" in psychology has led to a major overhaul of research practices.
Final Note
- The concept of mindset should not be used to blame individuals for systemic problems, but rather to emphasize the importance of changing societal structures to create a more equitable environment.
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