Biochem - All Topics
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Questions and Answers

What is the relation between the equilibrium constant and the Gibbs free energy of a reaction?

  • The equilibrium constant is directly proportional to the Gibbs free energy of the reaction
  • The equilibrium constant is inversely proportional to the Gibbs free energy of the reaction (correct)
  • The equilibrium constant is unrelated to the Gibbs free energy of the reaction
  • The equilibrium constant is equal to the negative of the Gibbs free energy of the reaction

    • What is the primary function of allosteric regulation in enzymes?

  • To modify the enzyme's active site geometry (correct)
  • To change the enzyme's substrate specificity
  • To increase the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate
  • To decrease the maximum reaction rate of the enzyme

    • What is the role of the proton gradient in ATP synthesis?

  • To drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi (correct)
  • To drive the electron transport chain
  • To regulate the activity of the electron transport chain
  • To generate a pH gradient across the membrane

    • What is the primary function of the TCA cycle in cellular metabolism?

    <p>To produce NADH and FADH2 for the electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cofactors in energy metabolism?

    <p>To facilitate the transfer of energy between enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of primary active transport?

    <p>The use of ATP to drive the transport of solutes against their concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) in cell signaling?

    <p>To modify the activity of proteins involved in signal transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Gibbs free energy equation in protein folding?

    <p>To calculate the free energy change of protein folding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the enzyme-substrate complex in enzyme catalysis?

    <p>To position the substrate for catalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the rate constant and the equilibrium constant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

    <p>The rate constant is directly proportional to the equilibrium constant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Amino Acids and Peptides

    • Chemical properties of natural amino acids, including stereochemistry, pKa, and polarity, can be predicted based on their structure
    • Oligopeptides' properties can be identified and predicted based on amino acid structure and sequence

    Protein Structure and Folding

    • Primary structure: sequence of amino acids in a protein
    • Secondary structure: local arrangements of amino acids, such as alpha helices and beta sheets
    • Tertiary structure: overall 3D shape of a protein
    • Quaternary structure: arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains in a protein
    • Protein conformation and folding are crucial for function
    • Methods for investigating protein structure include X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry
    • Gibbs free energy equation relates to protein folding and stability

    Enzyme Catalysis

    • Enzymes increase reaction rates without being consumed by the reaction
    • Enzyme-substrate complex formation is essential for catalysis
    • Thermodynamic explanation of enzyme catalysis: equilibrium constant, free energy, and transition state theory
    • Michaelis-Menten and Lineweaver-Burke graphs describe enzyme kinetics
    • V0, Km, and Vmax are key parameters in enzyme kinetics
    • Catalytic strategies, allostery, and regulation of enzyme function
    • Inhibition of enzyme function by various mechanisms

    Protein Purification and Characterization

    • Physical properties of proteins, such as size, charge, and hydrophobicity, can be employed for purification
    • Various purification techniques, including gel filtration, ion exchange, and affinity chromatography
    • Enzyme properties can be probed, including soluble and membrane-bound cofactors

    Cellular Energetics

    • Energy balance of the cell, relating equilibrium and Gibbs Free Energy
    • Glycolysis: ATP generation, regulation, and importance in cellular metabolism
    • Pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction and regulation
    • TCA cycle: reactions, regulation, and energy yield
    • Electron transport chain: basic reactions, coupling with proton pumping, and ATP synthesis
    • Chlorophyll excitation and photosynthetic electron transport

    Cell Signaling and Transport

    • Solute transport mechanisms: passive and active, including primary and secondary active transport
    • Post-translational modifications (PTMs) and their effects on protein function
    • Chemistry of PTMs and their role in signaling
    • Cell signaling mechanisms and their regulation

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