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Questions and Answers
What is the term for the ability of a substance to exist in different crystalline forms?
What is the term for the ability of a substance to exist in different crystalline forms?
Which route of administration is most likely to exhibit differences in bioavailability?
Which route of administration is most likely to exhibit differences in bioavailability?
What is the term for a drug that is not bound to plasma proteins?
What is the term for a drug that is not bound to plasma proteins?
What is the principal site of drug metabolism?
What is the principal site of drug metabolism?
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What is the mechanism of drug excretion via the kidney?
What is the mechanism of drug excretion via the kidney?
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What type of diluent or filler is needed for faster absorption of a hydrophobic drug?
What type of diluent or filler is needed for faster absorption of a hydrophobic drug?
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What route of administration bypasses gastrointestinal degradation and hepatic metabolism?
What route of administration bypasses gastrointestinal degradation and hepatic metabolism?
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What is the major plasma protein involved in the distribution of weak acids?
What is the major plasma protein involved in the distribution of weak acids?
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What slows down gastric emptying?
What slows down gastric emptying?
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What is the ratio of the concentration of a drug in two immiscible phases called?
What is the ratio of the concentration of a drug in two immiscible phases called?
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What is the result of drug metabolism?
What is the result of drug metabolism?
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What happens to drugs that are poorly lipid soluble or extensively ionized at the pH of the blood?
What happens to drugs that are poorly lipid soluble or extensively ionized at the pH of the blood?
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What can modify drug absorption?
What can modify drug absorption?
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Which statement is FALSE about amorphous and crystalline forms?
Which statement is FALSE about amorphous and crystalline forms?
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Why do poorly lipid soluble drugs have difficulty penetrating the CNS?
Why do poorly lipid soluble drugs have difficulty penetrating the CNS?
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What is the result of drug metabolism on the oil/water partition coefficient?
What is the result of drug metabolism on the oil/water partition coefficient?
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What is the effect on water solubility of a drug when its polarity increases due to the presence of hydrophilic functional groups?
What is the effect on water solubility of a drug when its polarity increases due to the presence of hydrophilic functional groups?
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Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with facilitated diffusion of drugs?
Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with facilitated diffusion of drugs?
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Cytochrome is a component of which enzyme system?
Cytochrome is a component of which enzyme system?
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Which type of drugs does alpha-1-glycoprotein bind with?
Which type of drugs does alpha-1-glycoprotein bind with?
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What is the effect of increasing the polarity of a drug on its blood flow?
What is the effect of increasing the polarity of a drug on its blood flow?
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What is the primary function of cytochrome in the microsomal mixed-function oxidase system?
What is the primary function of cytochrome in the microsomal mixed-function oxidase system?
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What is the phenomenon where a drug emptied via bile into the small intestine is reabsorbed from the intestinal lumen into systemic circulation?
What is the phenomenon where a drug emptied via bile into the small intestine is reabsorbed from the intestinal lumen into systemic circulation?
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What is the ratio of the amount of the drug present in the body over the plasma concentration?
What is the ratio of the amount of the drug present in the body over the plasma concentration?
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Which of the following is considered as structurally specific drugs?
Which of the following is considered as structurally specific drugs?
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How does a drug reach the systemic circulation after passing the epithelium of the gastrointestinal mucosa?
How does a drug reach the systemic circulation after passing the epithelium of the gastrointestinal mucosa?
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What is the phenomenon where the ions of added electrolytes require water for hydration, reducing the amount of water available for the solution of the non-electrolyte?
What is the phenomenon where the ions of added electrolytes require water for hydration, reducing the amount of water available for the solution of the non-electrolyte?
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What are drug products that contain the identical therapeutic moiety, or its precursor but not necessarily in the same amount or dosage forms or as the same salt ester?
What are drug products that contain the identical therapeutic moiety, or its precursor but not necessarily in the same amount or dosage forms or as the same salt ester?
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What are inactive enzymes?
What are inactive enzymes?
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Which of the following pairs is not correct?
Which of the following pairs is not correct?
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What is the prerequisite for particle size reduction to enhance drug absorption?
What is the prerequisite for particle size reduction to enhance drug absorption?
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What is a prerequisite of drug absorption?
What is a prerequisite of drug absorption?
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Which theory states that drug effectiveness does not depend on the actual occupation of receptor by the drug?
Which theory states that drug effectiveness does not depend on the actual occupation of receptor by the drug?
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Which equation is followed by the process of passive diffusion?
Which equation is followed by the process of passive diffusion?
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What is a measure of the relative amount of drug from an administered dosage form that enters the systemic circulation?
What is a measure of the relative amount of drug from an administered dosage form that enters the systemic circulation?
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What is necessary for a drug to produce its characteristic pharmacologic action?
What is necessary for a drug to produce its characteristic pharmacologic action?
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What is a type of transport that requires energy?
What is a type of transport that requires energy?
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What is the term for the rate at which a drug appears in the bloodstream?
What is the term for the rate at which a drug appears in the bloodstream?
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Study Notes
Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics
Crystalline Forms
- Crystalline forms of a substance can affect its properties and behavior
- Polymorphism is the ability of a substance to exist in different crystalline forms
Bioavailability
- Bioavailability is affected by the route of administration, with oral administration being a common route
- Subcutaneous and sublingual routes can also affect bioavailability
Drug Metabolism
- The liver is the principal site of drug metabolism
- Drug metabolism can result in more acidic or more polar compounds
- Gastric emptying can be slowed down by certain factors, including vigorous exercise, hot meals, and fatty foods
Drug Absorption
- Drug absorption is affected by factors such as particle size reduction, dissolution rate, and solubility
- The ratio of the concentration of a drug in two immiscible phases is known as the lipid/water partition coefficient
- Pre-requisites for drug absorption include the drug being in an aqueous solution, except in certain absorption mechanisms
Pharmacokinetics
- Bioavailability is the relative amount of drug that enters the systemic circulation and the rate at which it appears in the bloodstream
- Volume of distribution is the ratio of the amount of drug present in the body to its plasma concentration
- Intrinsic clearance, renal clearance, and metabolic clearance are all important pharmacokinetic concepts
Enzymes and Drug Interactions
- Zymogens are inactive enzymes that can be activated to form active enzymes
- Enzymes can affect drug metabolism and interactions
- Certain ions and electrolytes can affect drug solubility and hydration
Pharmaceutical Equivalents and Alternates
- Pharmaceutical equivalents are drug products that contain the same therapeutic moiety, but not necessarily in the same amount or dosage form
- Pharmaceutical alternates are drug products that contain the identical therapeutic moiety, or its precursor, but not necessarily in the same amount or dosage form
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