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Questions and Answers

Who invented the Chamberland filter?

  • Dmitri Ivanovsky
  • Martinus Beijerinck
  • Louis Pasteur
  • Charles Chamberland (correct)

    • What is the name of the virus that Dmitri Ivanovsky studied using the Chamberland filter?

  • Aphthovirus
  • Tobacco mosaic virus (correct)
  • Foot-and-mouth disease virus
  • Rabies virus

    • What is the name of the French-Canadian microbiologist who discovered bacteriophages?

  • Félix d'Herelle (correct)
  • Frederick Twort
  • Martinus Beijerinck
  • Louis Pasteur

    • What did Wendell Stanley prove about viruses?

    <p>They were particulate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Friedrich Loeffler and Paul Frosch pass through a filter for the first time?

    <p>Aphthovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Félix d'Herelle discover about bacteriophages?

    <p>They could not kill all bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What renewed interest in the therapeutic use of bacteriophages?

    <p>The development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What breakthrough in virus growth allowed for the production of the poliovirus vaccine?

    <p>Growing poliovirus in cultured cells from aborted human embryonic tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered the hepatitis B virus?

    <p>Baruch Blumberg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme do retroviruses use to make DNA copies of their RNA?

    <p>Reverse transcriptase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the first virus to be crystallised and have its structure elucidated in detail?

    <p>Tobacco mosaic virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered the full structure of the tobacco mosaic virus?

    <p>Rosalind Franklin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the first retrovirus described by Howard Temin in 1965?

    <p>Rous sarcoma virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivated the study of viruses in the second half of the 20th century?

    <p>To study the manner in which viruses cause disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with identifying tobacco mosaic disease (TMV) as a novel pathogen?

    <p>Martinus Beijerinck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is virology?

    <p>The study of biological viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Martinus Beijerinck use to describe the mysterious agent causing TMV?

    <p>Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Rosalind Franklin propose in 1955?

    <p>The full structure of the tobacco mosaic virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main focuses of virology?

    <p>The detection, structure, classification, and evolution of viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the methods for separating viral nucleic acids and proteins that are now the mainstay of virology?

    <p>They did not exist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between virology and bacteriology?

    <p>Virology is the study of viruses, while bacteriology is the study of bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microscopy is commonly used by virologists to visualize viruses?

    <p>Negative staining electron microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the degree to which a virus causes disease?

    <p>Virulence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three fields of virology?

    <p>Plant, animal, and human</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main disadvantage of traditional electron microscopy when used to study viruses?

    <p>The viruses are damaged by drying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cryogenic electron microscopy and how is it useful for virologists?

    <p>A technique for preserving virus structure using vitreous water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe viruses that infect bacteria?

    <p>Bacteriophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using cryogenic electron microscopy over traditional electron microscopy?

    <p>Viruses are not damaged by the electron beam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do virologists use to grow animal viruses in the laboratory?

    <p>Fertile hens' eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three approaches to detecting viruses?

    <p>Detection of virus particles, their antigens, and nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed the full structure of the tobacco mosaic virus?

    <p>Rosalind Franklin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Martinus Beijerinck use to describe the mysterious agent causing TMV?

    <p>Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of virology?

    <p>Study of biological viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main disadvantage of traditional electron microscopy when used to study viruses?

    <p>Low resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cryogenic electron microscopy and how is it useful for virologists?

    <p>A technique for visualizing viruses at very low temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Félix d'Herelle discover about bacteriophages?

    <p>Their ability to kill bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the degree to which a virus causes disease?

    <p>Virulence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who first used the term 'virus' to describe a new form of infectious agent?

    <p>Martinus Beijerinck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Friedrich Loeffler and Paul Frosch pass through a filter in 1898?

    <p>An animal virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Félix d'Herelle discover about bacteriophages?

    <p>They could kill bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Wendell Stanley prove about viruses?

    <p>They were made of particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the virus that Louis Pasteur was unable to find a causative agent for?

    <p>Rabies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are bacteriophages?

    <p>Viruses that infect bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Dmitri Ivanovsky use the Chamberland filter to study?

    <p>A virus that infects plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What breakthrough in virus growth allowed for the production of the poliovirus vaccine?

    <p>Growing poliovirus in cultured cells from aborted human embryonic tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the first virus to be crystallised and have its structure elucidated in detail?

    <p>Tobacco mosaic virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who first isolated the retrovirus now called HIV?

    <p>Luc Montagnier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme do retroviruses use to make DNA copies of their RNA?

    <p>Reverse transcriptase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the study of the manner in which viruses cause disease?

    <p>Viral pathogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Wendell Meredith Stanley examine in 1935 and find was mostly made of protein?

    <p>Tobacco mosaic virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What caused the discovery of equine arterivirus and the cause of bovine virus diarrhoea (a pestivirus) in 1957?

    <p>The development of a new viral growth method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using electron microscopes over light microscopes for detecting viruses?

    <p>Electron microscopes can detect objects that cannot be seen using light microscopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is negative staining in electron microscopy?

    <p>A procedure where viruses are suspended in a solution of metal salts and seen as suspended in a dark background of metal atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cryogenic electron microscopy?

    <p>A technique where the structure of viruses is preserved by embedding them in an environment of vitreous water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are obligate intracellular parasites?

    <p>Viruses that only reproduce inside the living cells of a host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method for growing animal viruses in the laboratory?

    <p>Using cells grown in laboratory cell cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method for growing bacteriophages in the laboratory?

    <p>Using bacteria growing in test tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are indicator plants used for in virology?

    <p>To show signs of infection more clearly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main disadvantage of traditional electron microscopy when used to study viruses?

    <p>Viruses are damaged by drying in the high vacuum inside the electron microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method for detecting viruses indirectly using cell cultures?

    <p>Infectivity assays</p> Signup and view all the answers

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