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Questions and Answers
What is the mechanism of digoxin action?
What is the mechanism of digoxin action?
What is the phenomenon responsible for intoxication in a patient with chronic cardiac insufficiency prescribed digoxin?
What is the phenomenon responsible for intoxication in a patient with chronic cardiac insufficiency prescribed digoxin?
What is the cause of a patient's condition worsening when using digitoxin for heart failure?
What is the cause of a patient's condition worsening when using digitoxin for heart failure?
What is the phenomenon responsible for the difference in action of methamizole and Piraminal in dental pain?
What is the phenomenon responsible for the difference in action of methamizole and Piraminal in dental pain?
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What is the phenomenon responsible for the weakening effect of buckthorn in an elderly patient with senile atonic constipation?
What is the phenomenon responsible for the weakening effect of buckthorn in an elderly patient with senile atonic constipation?
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What is the phenomenon responsible for the curative effect of bemegride in a patient with respiratory depression during barbituric anesthesia?
What is the phenomenon responsible for the curative effect of bemegride in a patient with respiratory depression during barbituric anesthesia?
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What is the mechanism of action of digoxin in the treatment of heart failure?
What is the mechanism of action of digoxin in the treatment of heart failure?
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What is the effect of long-term treatment with digoxin on the heart rate?
What is the effect of long-term treatment with digoxin on the heart rate?
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What is the process of abnormal development of an embryo due to exposure to a toxic substance?
What is the process of abnormal development of an embryo due to exposure to a toxic substance?
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What is the phenomenon that occurred in the patient who took nitroglycerin several times and then experienced no relief from pain?
What is the phenomenon that occurred in the patient who took nitroglycerin several times and then experienced no relief from pain?
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What is the term for a drug that has no pharmacological activity but is converted to an active form in the body?
What is the term for a drug that has no pharmacological activity but is converted to an active form in the body?
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What is the phenomenon where a patient requires a lower dose of an analgetic due to the presence of another drug?
What is the phenomenon where a patient requires a lower dose of an analgetic due to the presence of another drug?
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What is the term for a rapid decrease in the response to a drug, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect?
What is the term for a rapid decrease in the response to a drug, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect?
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What is the syndrome characterized by impairment of psychic, somatic, and vegetative functions caused by drug discontinuation?
What is the syndrome characterized by impairment of psychic, somatic, and vegetative functions caused by drug discontinuation?
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What is the mechanism of absorption of a lipophilic and unionized drug?
What is the mechanism of absorption of a lipophilic and unionized drug?
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What is the term for the development of a new organism from embryo to adult?
What is the term for the development of a new organism from embryo to adult?
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What is the primary purpose of adding adrenaline to a novocaine solution in dentistry?
What is the primary purpose of adding adrenaline to a novocaine solution in dentistry?
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Which drug is most likely to be prescribed to a patient with a tachyarrhythmia?
Which drug is most likely to be prescribed to a patient with a tachyarrhythmia?
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What is the mechanism of action of novocaine as an anaesthetic?
What is the mechanism of action of novocaine as an anaesthetic?
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Which of the following drugs can be used as an alternative to novocaine for anaesthetization in a patient with a positive sensitivity test?
Which of the following drugs can be used as an alternative to novocaine for anaesthetization in a patient with a positive sensitivity test?
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What is the primary concern when choosing an antiarrhythmic drug for a patient with paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia?
What is the primary concern when choosing an antiarrhythmic drug for a patient with paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of beta-adrenoblockers in the treatment of angina?
What is the primary mechanism of action of beta-adrenoblockers in the treatment of angina?
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What is the likely cause of central nervous system excitation followed by paralysis and acute cardiovascular insufficiency (collapse) in a patient administered a drug for conduction anesthesia?
What is the likely cause of central nervous system excitation followed by paralysis and acute cardiovascular insufficiency (collapse) in a patient administered a drug for conduction anesthesia?
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What is the primary effect of adrenaline on blood vessels?
What is the primary effect of adrenaline on blood vessels?
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What is the clinical application of diazepam in a patient with nervous tension and poor sleep?
What is the clinical application of diazepam in a patient with nervous tension and poor sleep?
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What is a characteristic of zolpidem, a medication prescribed for insomnia?
What is a characteristic of zolpidem, a medication prescribed for insomnia?
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Which medication is commonly used to arrest convulsions in a patient with status epilepticus?
Which medication is commonly used to arrest convulsions in a patient with status epilepticus?
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How does intravenously administered sodium bicarbonate promote kidney excretion of barbiturate in a patient with phenobarbital poisoning?
How does intravenously administered sodium bicarbonate promote kidney excretion of barbiturate in a patient with phenobarbital poisoning?
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Which medication is used as replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease?
Which medication is used as replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease?
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What is the mechanism of action of zolpidem in promoting sleep in a patient with insomnia?
What is the mechanism of action of zolpidem in promoting sleep in a patient with insomnia?
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What is a side effect of long-term use of bromizoval, a medication prescribed for insomnia?
What is a side effect of long-term use of bromizoval, a medication prescribed for insomnia?
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What type of adrenoceptor stimulation is most likely to increase noradrenaline release from sympathetic nerve endings?
What type of adrenoceptor stimulation is most likely to increase noradrenaline release from sympathetic nerve endings?
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What is the mechanism of action of the drug used to treat a patient with moderate hypertension?
What is the mechanism of action of the drug used to treat a patient with moderate hypertension?
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Which of the following drugs is most likely to be used for pharmacotherapy of benign tumor of prostate?
Which of the following drugs is most likely to be used for pharmacotherapy of benign tumor of prostate?
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What is the most likely cause of the patient's condition after the injection of 1% procaine for conduction anesthesia?
What is the most likely cause of the patient's condition after the injection of 1% procaine for conduction anesthesia?
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Which of the following drugs is a beta1– adrenoceptor agonist with inotropic action?
Which of the following drugs is a beta1– adrenoceptor agonist with inotropic action?
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What type of drug is most likely to be used to provide first aid in an asthma attack?
What type of drug is most likely to be used to provide first aid in an asthma attack?
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What is the mechanism of action of the drug used to treat a patient with heart failure resistant to cardiac glycosides?
What is the mechanism of action of the drug used to treat a patient with heart failure resistant to cardiac glycosides?
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Which of the following drugs is most likely to be used to treat anaphylactic shock?
Which of the following drugs is most likely to be used to treat anaphylactic shock?
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Study Notes
Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis
- Teratogenesis is not mentioned in the provided text.
- Carcinogenesis is not mentioned in the provided text.
- Mutagenesis is not mentioned in the provided text.
Pharmacology
- Nitroglycerin is a medication that can cause tolerance, which means that the patient may need to take higher doses to achieve the same effect.
- The doctor advised the patient to withdraw nitroglycerin for 8 hours and prescribed another drug to restore the effect of nitroglycerin.
- Enalapril is a pro-drug used to treat hypertension.
- Diazepam can cause tolerance, which means that the patient may need to take higher doses to achieve the same effect.
- The doctor took into account the phenomenon of potentiation when prescribing an analgetic to the patient.
- Sustak-forte is a medication that can cause tachyphylaxis, which means that the patient may experience a decrease in response to the drug over time.
- Dependence is a syndrome characterized by impairment of psychic, somatic, and vegetative functions when the drug is discontinued.
- Digoxin is a medication that can cause material cumulation, which means that the concentration of the drug in the body increases over time.
- Digitoxin is a medication that can cause cumulation, which means that the concentration of the drug in the body increases over time.
- Methamizole (analgin) is an analgesic that has a faster and shorter duration of action compared to Piraminal.
- Buckthorn is a medication that can cause tolerance, which means that the patient may need to take higher doses to achieve the same effect.
- Bemegride is a medication that can reverse the effects of barbituric anesthesia.
- Reserpine is a medication that can cause drowsiness as a side effect.
- Prazosin is a medication that can decrease noradrenaline release from sympathetic nerve endings.
- Adrenaline is a medication that can be used to treat severe allergic reactions.
- Dobutamine is a medication that has inotropic (cardiotonic) action.
- Fenoterol is a beta-adrenomimetic that can be used to provide first aid in severe allergic reactions.
- Propranolol (Anaprilin) is a beta-adrenoblocker that can be used to treat tachyarrhythmia.
- Metoprolol is a selective beta-adrenoblocker that can be used to treat angina.
- Atropine is a medication that can cause local vasoconstriction when added to novocaine solution.
- Novocaine is a local anesthetic that can cause sodium ion-selective channels blockade.
- Lidocaine is a medication that can be used for anaesthetization in patients who are sensitive to novocaine.
- Verapamil is a medication that can be used to treat paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia.
- Diazepam is a medication that has anxiolytic (tranquilizing) effects and can be used to treat nervous tension and insomnia.
- Zolpidem is a medication that can cause quick onset of sleep and is used to treat insomnia.
- Sodium valproate is a medication that can be used to treat epilepsy (grand mal).
- Phenytoin is an antiepileptic drug that can prevent metabolism of GABA.
- Carbamazepine is an antiepileptic drug that can be used to treat epilepsy (grand mal).
- Levodopa is a medication that can be used to treat Parkinson's disease.
Mechanisms of Action
- Physicochemical mechanism of action: not mentioned in the provided text.
- Enzymatic mechanism of action: not mentioned in the provided text.
- Receptor mechanism of action: not mentioned in the provided text.
- Action on ion channels of membrane: not mentioned in the provided text.
Drug Interactions
- Potentiation: the phenomenon of two or more drugs increasing each other's effects.
- Cumulation: the phenomenon of a drug accumulating in the body over time, leading to increased effects.
- Tolerance: the phenomenon of the body adapting to the presence of a drug, leading to decreased effects.
- Dependence: the phenomenon of the body becoming physically dependent on a drug, leading to withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.
- Sensitization: the phenomenon of the body becoming more sensitive to the effects of a drug over time.
- Idiosyncrasy: the phenomenon of an individual's unusual response to a drug.
- Desensitization: the phenomenon of the body becoming less sensitive to the effects of a drug over time.
- Synergism: the phenomenon of two or more drugs working together to produce a greater effect.
- Antagonism: the phenomenon of two or more drugs opposing each other's effects.
Pharmacokinetics
- Absorption: the process of a drug entering the body.
- Distribution: the process of a drug spreading throughout the body.
- Metabolism: the process of a drug being broken down by the body.
- Excretion: the process of a drug being eliminated from the body.
Pharmacodynamics
- Mechanism of action: the way in which a drug produces its effects.
- Effects: the changes produced by a drug in the body.
- Side effects: the unwanted effects produced by a drug in the body.
- Interactions: the effects of a drug on other drugs or substances in the body.
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