Lecture 1
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of social psychology?

  • Understanding the human brain
  • Linking people's feelings, behavior, and thought processes to their social world (correct)
  • Studying animal behavior
  • Exploring the natural environment

    • What is social cognition?

  • The process of interacting with others
  • The process of coming to understand and categorize the behaviors of others
  • The process by which people select, interpret, and remember social information (correct)
  • The process of attributing causes to behavior

    • What is the purpose of studying social behavior from a person perspective?

  • To identify the features or characteristics individuals bring to social situations (correct)
  • To analyze the behaviors of others
  • To understand how environmental events influence behavior
  • To explore the interaction between the person and the situation

    • What is attribution theory?

    <p>The tendency to give a causal explanation for someone's behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of attribution explains behavior as due to dispositional factors?

    <p>Internal attribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the covariation model used for?

    <p>To determine causality in social behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of considering distinctiveness information in the covariation model?

    <p>To examine how the actor behaves toward different stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of researchers in social psychology?

    <p>To predict what people will do and why they do it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tendency to infer that traits correspond to behavior known as?

    <p>Correspondence Bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a high consistency, low consensus, and low distinctiveness situation?

    <p>Internal attribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Quiz Show Paradigm, what was the Dependent Variable (DV) measured?

    <p>Ratings for Contestant and Questioner on general knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who introduced the concept of Fundamental Attribution Error?

    <p>Ross</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tendency to over-attribute behavior to personality traits and underestimate situational influences known as?

    <p>Fundamental Attribution Error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Quiz Show Paradigm, what role did the Questioner prepare?

    <p>10 challenging questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the model that helps in identifying the characteristics of a situation?

    <p>Covariation Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the Correspondence Bias and the Fundamental Attribution Error?

    <p>One was introduced by Jones and Harris, while the other was introduced by Ross</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of social psychology?

    <p>The scientific investigation of how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviours of individuals are influenced by the presence of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between internal and external attributions?

    <p>Internal attributions focus on the person, while external attributions focus on the situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Covariation Model used to explain in attribution theory?

    <p>How consistency, consensus, and distinctiveness information inform attributional explanations for behaviour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Fundamental Attribution Error?

    <p>The tendency to overestimate the role of internal dispositions in behaviour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Actor-Observer Bias?

    <p>The tendency to attribute one's own behaviour to external factors and others' behaviour to internal dispositions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three components of attitudes?

    <p>Affective, behavioural, and cognitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between explicit and implicit attitudes?

    <p>Explicit attitudes are conscious and intentional, while implicit attitudes are unconscious and unintentional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are implicit attitudes typically measured?

    <p>Through physiological measures, such as skin conductance and heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for automatically making internal attributions due to insufficient cognitive resources?

    <p>fundamental attribution error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of an attitude?

    <p>A relatively stable organisation of beliefs, feelings, and behavioural tendencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an automatic, unconscious attitude?

    <p>Implicit attitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Implicit Association Test (IAT)?

    <p>To measure implicit attitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a deliberate, conscious attitude?

    <p>Explicit attitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Tripartite Model of Attitudes composed of?

    <p>Affective, Behavioural, and Cognitive components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concept behind the Implicit Association Test (IAT)?

    <p>That two particular concepts are strongly associated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tendency to blame people rather than the situation when we are mentally fatigued?

    <p>Fundamental attribution error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is measured by the IAT effect?

    <p>The difference in response latency between congruent and incongruent trials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the IAT, what is indicated by slower response times?

    <p>An inconsistent association between objects in our minds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the researchers who developed the IAT?

    <p>Greenwald, McGhee, &amp; Schwartz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a physiological index used to measure attitudes?

    <p>Polygraph test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the bogus pipeline?

    <p>To encourage honest responses from participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of measure is archival evidence?

    <p>Unobtrusive measure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Social Psychology

    • Definition: the scientific investigation of how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviours of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others (Allport, 1954a)
    • Branch of psychology that studies the effect of social variables on individual behaviour, attitudes, perceptions, and motives
    • Also the study of group and intergroup phenomena

    Social Cognition, Social Perception, and Social Interaction

    • Social Cognition: the process by which people select, interpret, and remember social information
    • Social Perception: the process by which people come to understand and categorise the behaviours of others
    • Social Interaction: the process by which people interact with each other

    Attribution Theory

    • Definition: we tend to give a causal explanation for someone's behaviour, often crediting either internal dispositions or external situations
    • Internal attribution: explaining behaviour as due to dispositional factors
    • External attribution: explaining behaviour as due to situational factors

    Covariation Model

    • Consistency information: does the actor behave the same toward the stimulus in different situations?
    • Consensus information: do other people behave the same toward the stimulus?
    • Distinctiveness information: does the actor behave the same toward different stimuli?
    • Covariation Model: attributing behaviour to internal or external factors based on consistency, consensus, and distinctiveness information

    Attributional Biases

    • Correspondence bias (CB): the tendency to infer that traits correspond to behaviour (Jones & Harris, 1967)
    • Fundamental attribution error (FAE): the tendency to over-attribute behaviour to personality traits and underestimate situational influences (Ross, 1977)
    • Actor-Observer bias: the tendency to make internal attributions for our own behaviour and external attributions for others' behaviour

    Attitudes

    • Definition: a relatively stable organisation of beliefs, feelings, and behavioural tendencies toward people, objects, ideas, or events
    • Tripartite Model of Attitudes: affective, behavioural, and cognitive components
    • Explicit attitudes: conscious, deliberate
    • Implicit attitudes: unconscious, automatic
    • Measuring attitudes: explicit self-report measures, implicit association test (IAT), physiological indices, unobtrusive measures, bogus pipeline

    Implicit Association Test (IAT)

    • Based on the idea that two particular concepts are strongly associated
    • Measuring response latency between congruent and incongruent trials to provide an index of the strength of the association

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