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Questions and Answers

The privilege of confidential communications between a doctor and a patient is controlled by the patient.

True

A study aims to investigate if there is a difference in out- and inpatient costs in diabetes type 2. Cost is not expected to be normally distributed. What hypothesis test could be used?

  • Paired t-test
  • Two-sample t-test
  • Mann-Whitney test (correct)
  • Chi-square test

    • Autograft is a material for transplantation (organ, tissue, cells), taken from:

  • Between two species
  • Between identical twins
  • One and the same person (correct)

    • In a study to quantify the ability of emergency medicine residents to interpret cranial computed tomography (CT), what can be inferred from the statement 'p>0.001'?

    <p>Less than 1 in 1000 chance of obtaining these results if the alternative hypothesis was true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind 'The six steps protocol'?

    <p>How to manage the treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regarding the death rate using a modified operative technique, which statement is correct?

    <p>We are 99% certain of the death rate in the sample from the modified technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The need for ethical standards in research became evident following which event?

    <p>World War II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autonomy is often invoked as a guide for decision-making when a patient lacks decision-making capacity and has no advance directive.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The reproductive cloning is the same as therapeutic cloning.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements are correct? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Median is equal to the 50th percentile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the material for transplantation called when it is taken from one and the same person?

    <p>Autograft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A study aims to investigate the degree of association between body mass index and risk of diabetes type 2. What statistical tool could be used?

    <p>Correlation analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Other things equal, in hypothesis testing if the level of significance is increased from 1% to 5%, what happens?

    <p>Power will increase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A study aims to investigate if there is a difference in out- and inpatient costs in diabetes type 2. Cost is not expected to be normally distributed. What hypothesis test could be used?

    <p>Mann-Whitney test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Paternalism is

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a doctor tells a funny story about a patient (a famous journalist) during a public event, it is a:

    <p>Violation of confidentiality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The accepted standard is that every fact revealed to a physician by a patient is subject to the requirement of confidentiality. However, if maintaining confidentiality places others at risk, then confidentiality may need to be breached.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Informed consent in ethics usually refers to:

    <p>the idea that a person must be fully-informed about and understand the potential benefits and risks of their choice of treatment in order to be able to make the best decision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The privilege of confidential communications between a doctor and a patient is controlled by the patient.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Xenotransplantation is:

    <p>From animal to human</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The absolute zero is a distinctive attribute of what measurement scale?

    <p>Ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Paternalism in medicine is always accepted as desirable because it assumes that the physician cares for a young patient much like a parent would.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the deliberative model between a physician and a patient, the physician may represent his or her excellence and supremacy in front of the patient in taking the correct decision for a treatment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In simple linear regression, if there is no trend, the actual curve would look like:

    <p>Horizontal constant line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the types of scientific research.

    <p>qualitative, quantitative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Principles in medical ethics are:

    <p>autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, do not harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An ordinal variable is one for which:

    <p>Data are continuous and follow an ordered sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The right of confidentiality:

    <p>Belongs to the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the ethical problems of living organ donation.

    <p>Ethical conflict between the principle of beneficence and the principle of non-maleficence; Risk from a procedure without a direct medical benefit for the donor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of suspected child abuse, a physician may need to compromise patient confidentiality by sharing with authorities.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Professional Ethics

    • The accepted standard is that every fact revealed to a physician by a patient is, in principle, subject to the requirement of confidentiality.
    • If maintaining confidentiality places others at risk, then confidentiality may need to be breached.
    • Informed consent in ethics usually refers to the idea that a person must be fully-informed about and understand the potential benefits and risks of their choice of treatment in order to be able to make the best decision.

    Patient Confidentiality

    • The right of confidentiality belongs to the patient.
    • In cases of suspected child abuse, a physician may need to compromise patient confidentiality by sharing with authorities.

    Research Ethics

    • Respect for autonomy applies in medicine to everyone except children and the mentally incompetent.
    • The "best interests" of the patient means that professional decisions by the physician must consider patients' values and personal preferences.

    Statistics

    • In simple linear regression, if there is no trend, the actual curve would look like a horizontal constant line.
    • The estimated Pearson correlation coefficient between systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) and age (years) in a sample of 30 middle-aged women was r = 0.72 (p < 0.001).
    • A study of 58 HIV (+) mothers who gave birth to children found that 11 children were HIV infected, and CD4 counts were lower in mothers who were HIV transmissive than in non-transmissive mothers.

    Measurement Scales

    • Cancer stage (defined as I, II, III, or IV) is measured on an ordinal scale.
    • A study on the level of physical activity (measured as a weekly number of training hours) of undergraduate and postgraduate students came to the result of t = 1.96.

    Correlation Coefficient

    • A correlation coefficient of r = 0.52 indicates a moderate positive correlation.
    • In a study of the level of physical activity, the correlation coefficient was calculated to be 0.52.

    Hypothesis Testing

    • In hypothesis testing, if the level of significance is increased from 1% to 5%, the power will increase.
    • A study on the level of physical activity found that at t=1.96, the p-value is less than 0.05, so we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is a significant difference.

    Cloning

    • The reproductive cloning is not the same as therapeutic cloning.### Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Testing

    • A confidence interval for the proportion achieving a response can be used to test a null hypothesis that the proportion of patients achieving a response in the population equals 0.30 (or 30%).

    • The standard error of the proportion achieving a response is calculated as SQRT[(8x12/20)].

    Paternalism

    • Paternalism is not the same as beneficence, nonmaleficence, or veracity.

    Simple Linear Regression

    • If there is no trend in simple linear regression, the actual curve would look like a horizontal constant line.

    Hypothesis Testing

    • If the level of significance is increased from 1% to 5% in hypothesis testing, the power will increase.

    Boxplots and Interquartile Range

    • The range of post-chemotherapy survival in I stage breast cancer patients is 55, and the interquartile range is 12.
    • The distribution of this variable is left-skewed.

    Chelator Agents and Thalassemia

    • A study found that there was no significant difference in the clinical effectiveness of oral and subcutaneous chelators in thalassemia patients.

    Kidney Transplantation

    • The first kidney transplantation in Bulgaria was performed in 1968.

    Xenotransplantation

    • Xenotransplantation is the transplantation of organs or tissues from an animal to a human.

    Brain Death

    • Brain death is defined as the irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem.

    Confidentiality

    • The right of confidentiality belongs to the patient.
    • The physician must keep the patient's confidentiality, except when they have permission to disclose the information or when the public welfare is involved.

    Hypothesis Tests and Statistical Analysis

    • The Mann-Whitney test can be used to test hypotheses when the data is not normally distributed.
    • The paired t-test is used to compare means of paired observations.
    • The chi-square test is used to test hypotheses about the distribution of categorical variables.

    Autograft and Transplantation

    • Autograft is a material for transplantation (organ, tissue, cells) taken from the same person.

    Medical Research and Ethics

    • The need for ethical standards in research became evident following World War II.
    • Autonomy is often invoked as a guide for decision making when a patient lacks decision-making capacity and has no advance directive.
    • Active euthanasia, when a person deliberately causes the patient to die or uses lethal substances and force, is false.

    Statistical Concepts

    • A p-value of 0.06 indicates that there is no significant difference in the clinical effectiveness of the two chelators.
    • A p-value of 0.001 indicates that there is a significant difference in the outcome of the treatment.
    • The power of a test is the chance of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false.

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