187 Questions
What is the function of NADH?
Transports electrons from ferrodoxin to NADP+
What is necroptosis?
A programmed cell death response to stimuli like infection or DNA damage
What is the Nernst equation used for?
Calculating cell membrane potential
What is the role of nerve growth factor (NGF)?
Stimulates the growth of neurons
What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
What is a neurofilament (NF) protein?
An intermediate filament protein found in nerve cells
What is a neuron?
A nerve cell specialized for signal transmission
What is a neuropeptide?
A signaling molecule secreted by neurons
What is a neurotransmitter?
A small molecule that carries signals from one neuron to another
What is a nuclear pore complex?
A channel through the nuclear envelope for nucleic acid transport
What is nuclear transport receptor?
A protein that recognizes nuclear localization signals and mediates transport across the nuclear envelope
What is nucleic acid hybridization?
The process of forming double-stranded DNA and RNA molecules by complementary base pairing
What is a nucleosome?
The basic structural unit of chromatin consisting of DNA wrapped around histone proteins
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
The breakdown of organic molecules with the use of molecular oxygen
What is p53?
A transcription factor involved in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis
What is p53 tumor suppressor gene responsible for?
Arresting the cell cycle in response to damaged DNA
What is the function of the peroxisome?
Breaks down fatty acids and detoxifies harmful substances
What is the function of profilin?
Stimulates the assembly of actin monomers into filaments
What is the primary function of a plastid?
Carries out photosynthesis or stores pigments
What is the function of the origin of replication?
Serves as a binding site for proteins that initiate DNA replication
What is a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) used for?
Amplifying a region of DNA in vitro
What is a primase?
An RNA polymerase used to initiate DNA synthesis
What is a pyrimidine dimer a result of?
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light
What is the function of the ribosome?
Initiates translation
What is a plasmodesma?
A cytoplasmic connection between adjacent plant cells
What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
What is the primary function of a nucleotide-excision repair mechanism?
Removing oligonucleotides containing damaged bases from DNA
What is a peptidyl prolyl isomerase?
An enzyme that catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of prolyl peptide bonds
What is the primary function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
Storing genetic material and controlling gene expression
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Site of rRNA transcription, processing, and ribosome assembly
What is a nuclear pore complex?
A structure that separates the nuclear envelope from the cytoplasm
What is the role of the nuclear receptor superfamily?
Functions as transcription factors for various hormones
What is the function of a nucleoid in a prokaryotic cell?
Stores genetic material
What is the primary function of a poly-A tail in eukaryotic mRNA?
Protects mRNA from degradation
What is the primary function of a polyomavirus?
Acts as a DNA tumor virus
What is the primary role of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
Amplifying a region of DNA
What is a pseudogene?
A nonfunctional gene copy
What is the function of a polypeptide?
Serving as a structural protein
What is the primary function of a plasmid?
Amplifying DNA
What is the role of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)?
Stimulating fibroblast proliferation
What is a plastid in plant cells?
A category of organelles including chloroplasts and chromoplasts
What is the primary function of profilin?
Stimulating actin filament assembly
What is the function of a product in biochemical reactions?
A compound formed as a result of an enzymatic reaction
What is the primary function of a primase?
Stabilizing the replication fork
What is a pyrimidine dimer a result of?
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light
What is the primary function of photorespiration?
Metabolizing a byproduct of photosynthesis
What is the primary function of photosynthesis?
Synthesizing glucose from CO2 and water
What is the primary function of photosystem I?
Synthesizing NADPH
What is the primary function of photosystem II?
Splitting water molecules
What is the primary role of PI 3-kinase?
Phosphorylating PIP2 to form PIP3
What is the primary function of phosphatidylinositide 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)?
Forming a component of the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane
What is the function of phosphatidylserine?
Initiating apoptosis
What is the primary role of a porin?
Forming channels in bacterial outer membranes
What is the primary function of pre-mRNA?
Serving as a precursor to messenger RNA (mRNA)
What is the primary function of pre-rRNA?
Forming individual ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs)
What is the primary function of pre-tRNA?
Serving as a precursor to transfer RNA (tRNA)
What is the primary function of a pyrimidine?
Serving as a component of nucleic acids
What is the primary function of a pyrimidine dimer?
Forming covalent bonds between DNA strands
What is the primary function of a profilin?
Facilitating actin filament assembly
What is the primary function of a proplastid?
Serving as a precursor to chloroplasts
What is the primary function of a prosthetic group?
Serving as a coenzyme
What is the primary function of protein kinase A (cAMP-dependent protein kinase)?
Phosphorylating target proteins
What is the primary function of protein misfolding disease?
Causing abnormal protein folding
What is the primary function of a protein phosphatase?
Reversing protein phosphorylation
What is the primary function of a proteasome?
Degrading proteins tagged by ubiquitin
What is the primary function of a product in biochemical reactions?
Serving as a precursor to other molecules
What is the primary function of profilin?
Facilitating actin filament assembly
What is the primary function of a proplastid?
Serving as a precursor to mitochondria
What is the primary function of a pseudogene?
Serving as a functional gene
What is the primary function of polynucleotide?
Serving as a template for DNA replication
What is the primary function of a nucleosome?
Packaging DNA into chromatin
What is the primary function of a nucleosome core particle?
Packaging DNA into chromatin
What is the primary function of a nucleotide?
Serving as a phosphorylated nucleoside
What is the primary function of nucleotide-excision repair?
Repairing damaged DNA by removing damaged bases
What is the primary function of a nucleus?
Containing the genetic material
What is the primary function of Okazaki fragments?
Forming the lagging strand of DNA
What is the primary function of an oligonucleotide?
A short polymer of nucleotides
What is the primary function of an oligosaccharide?
A short polymer of sugars
What is the primary function of an oncogene?
Causing abnormal cell proliferation
What is the primary function of oncogene addiction?
Dependent on the continuing activity of oncogenes
What is the primary function of an open-reading frame?
A stretch of nucleotide sequence that can encode a polypeptide
What is the primary function of an operator in DNA?
Controlling transcription of an operon
What is the primary function of an operon?
Grouping adjacent genes for transcription
What is the primary function of an origin of replication in DNA?
Initiating DNA replication
What is the primary function of an origin recognition complex (ORC)?
Initiating DNA replication
What is the primary function of oxidative metabolism?
Using molecular oxygen as an electron acceptor
What is the primary function of oxidative phosphorylation?
Synthesizing ATP coupled to electron transport
What is the primary function of p53?
Initiating apoptosis
What is the primary function of a p53 tumor suppressor gene?
Initiating apoptosis
What is the primary function of palmitoylation?
Adding palmitic acid to cysteine residues of proteins
What is the primary function of a papillomavirus?
Causing cervical and anogenital cancers
What is the primary function of paracrine signaling?
Local cell-cell signaling
What is the primary function of passive transport?
Transporting molecules across a membrane in an energetically favorable direction
What is the primary function of pectin in plant cell walls?
Acting as a gel-forming polysaccharide
What is the primary function of a peptide bond?
Joining amino acids in polypeptide chains
What is the primary function of a peptide hormone?
Acting as a signaling molecule composed of amino acids
What is the principal component of bacterial cell walls?
Linear polysaccharide chains crosslinked by short peptides
What is the primary function of peptidyl prolyl isomerase?
Catalyzing the cis-trans isomerization of prolyl peptide bonds
What is the primary function of pericentriolar material in the centrosome?
Initiating apoptosis
What is the primary function of a peripheral membrane protein?
Directly anchoring to the lipid bilayer of cell membranes
What is the primary function of a peroxin (Pex protein)?
Involvement in peroxisome assembly
What is the primary function of a peroxisome?
Carrying out oxidative reactions
What is the primary function of a plastid in plant cells?
Carrying out photosynthesis
What is the primary function of a poly-A tail in eukaryotic mRNAs?
Stabilizing the mRNA and facilitating translation
What is the primary function of polyadenylation in eukaryotic gene expression?
Adding a poly-A tail to pre-mRNAs
What is the primary function of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
Amplifying a region of DNA
What is a polynucleotide?
A polymer containing multiple nucleotides
What is a polypeptide?
A polymer containing multiple amino acids
What is the primary function of a polysaccharide?
Serving as a polymer containing multiple sugars
What is the primary function of a polyomavirus?
A type of DNA tumor virus
What is the principal component of plant cell walls?
Linear polysaccharide chains crosslinked by short peptides
What is the primary function of a primary cilium on animal cells?
Sensing extracellular signals
What is the primary function of photosystem I in photosynthesis?
Synthesizing NADPH
What is the primary function of photosystem II in photosynthesis?
Synthesizing ATP
What is the primary function of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) in the plasma membrane?
Serving as a phospholipid component of the inner leaflet
What is the primary function of phosphatidylserine in cell membranes?
Serving as a phospholipid component
What is the primary function of a phospholipid transfer protein?
Transferring lipids between cell membranes
What is the primary function of the origin recognition complex (ORC)?
Initiating DNA replication
What is the primary function of an operon?
Transcribing multiple genes as a single mRNA
What is the primary function of an operator in DNA?
Regulating transcription by binding to a repressor
What is the primary function of a porin in the outer membranes of some bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts?
Forming channels
What is the primary function of a pre-mRNA in eukaryotic cells?
Serving as an intermediate in mRNA processing
What is the primary function of a pre-rRNA in eukaryotic cells?
Serving as a precursor for ribosomal RNAs
What is the primary function of a pre-tRNA in eukaryotic cells?
Serving as a precursor for transfer RNAs
What is the primary function of a primase in DNA replication?
Synthesizing DNA primers
What is the primary function of a plastid in plant cells?
Photosynthesis
What is the primary function of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)?
Stimulating fibroblast proliferation
What is the primary function of pluripotency in cell biology?
Differentiating into all cell types
What is the primary function of the PML/RARα protein in acute promyelocytic leukemia?
Initiating apoptosis
What is the primary function of a polypeptide in cell biology?
Serving as a structural or functional protein
What is the primary function of proteasomes in cells?
Degrading proteins tagged by ubiquitin
What is the primary function of protein kinase A (cAMP-dependent protein kinase)?
Regulating various cellular processes by phosphorylating proteins
What is the primary function of a product in enzymatic reactions?
Serving as a substrate for subsequent reactions
What is the primary function of profilin in the cell?
Stimulating the assembly of actin monomers into filaments
What is the primary function of programmed cell death in biology?
Initiating apoptosis
What is the primary function of prokaryotic cells?
Lacking a nuclear envelope and cytoplasmic organelles
What is the primary function of a prometaphase in mitosis?
Attaching microtubules to kinetochores and aligning chromosomes
What is the primary function of a proplastid in plant cells?
Developing into different types of mature plastids
What is the primary function of a primary culture in cell biology?
Establishing the initial cell culture from a tissue
What is the primary function of a primary structure in protein biology?
Determining the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
What is the primary function of polyadenylation in eukaryotic gene expression?
Adding a poly-A tail to pre-mRNA
What is the primary function of a polyomavirus in virology?
Initiating DNA replication
What is the primary function of a polycistronic mRNA?
Encoding multiple polypeptide cha
What is the primary function of Polycomb proteins in epigenetics?
Methylating histone H3 lysine 27
What is the primary function of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in molecular biology?
Amplifying a region of DNA in vitro
What is the primary function of a polynucleotide in genetics?
Serving as a polymer of nucleotides in nucleic acids
What is the primary function of polypeptides in cells?
Serving as structural or functional proteins
What is the primary function of the potassium-sodium pump (Na+/K+ pump) in cells?
Maintaining the electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane
What is the primary function of the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) in cellular respiration?
Producing ATP and reducing equivalents (NADH and FADH2)
What is the primary function of the kinase A protein (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) in cell signaling?
Phosphorylating target proteins in response to cyclic AMP (cAMP)
What is the primary function of a lamin protein in the cell nucleus?
Providing structural support to the nuclear envelope
What is the primary function of a lamina in cell biology?
Providing structural support to the nucleus
What is the primary function of the lac operon in bacterial gene regulation?
Initiating transcription of lactose-utilizing genes
What is the primary function of the Ku complex in ?
Binding to broken DNA ends and facilitating
What is the primary function of a kinase in cell signaling?
Adding phosphate groups to target proteins
What is the primary function of a junctional complex in cell biology?
Facilitating cell-cell adhesion and communication
What is the primary function of interferons in the immune system?
Initiating transcription of immune response genes
What is the primary function of intermediate filament proteins in cells?
Providing structural support to the cell
What is the primary function of a nucleolus in the cell nucleus?
Site of rRNA transcription, processing, and ribosome assembly
What is the primary function of a nucleolar organizing region (NOR) on a chromosome?
Initiating transcription of ribosomal RNA genes
What is the primary function of a nucleotide-excision repair mechanism in ?
Removing oligonucleotides containing damaged bases from DNA
What is the primary function of the nuclear receptor superfamily in transcriptional regulation?
Regulating the response to steroid hormones and other signaling molecules
What is the primary function of a nucleosome core particle in chromatin structure?
Wrapping 146 base pairs of DNA around an octamer of histone proteins
What is the primary function of a nucleotide in cellular biology?
Serving as a monomer of nucleic acids
What is the primary function of a nucleoside in cellular biology?
Serving as a building block of nucleic acids when combined with a phosphate group
What is the primary function of a nucleoplasm in the cell nucleus?
Serving as the gel-like substance within the nucleus
What is the primary function of a nuclear body in the cell nucleus?
Serving as a discrete organelle within the nucleus
What is the primary function of a nuclear pore complex in the cell nucleus?
Serving as a transport channel through the nuclear envelope
What is the primary function of a nuclear membrane in cellular biology?
Separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm
What is the primary function of a nuclear localization signal in cellular biology?
Targeting proteins for transport from the cytoplasm to the nucleus
What is the primary function of a nuclear export signal in cellular biology?
Targeting proteins for transport from the nucleus to the cytosol
What is the primary function of a nuclear lamina in cellular biology?
Providing structural support to the nucleus
What is the primary function of a nuclear envelope in cellular biology?
Separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm
What is the primary function of a nucleoid in prokaryotic cells?
Containing the cell's genetic material
What is the primary function of a nucleic acid hybridization in molecular biology?
Forming double-stranded DNA and/or RNA molecules by complementary base pairing
What is the primary function of a nucleosome in chromatin structure?
Wrapping DNA around histone proteins
What is the primary function of a nucleosome core particle in chromatin structure?
Wrapping 146 base pairs of DNA around an octamer of histone proteins
What is the primary function of a nucleotide in cellular biology?
Serving as a monomer of nucleic acids
What is the primary function of a nucleoside in cellular biology?
Serving as a building block of nucleic acids when combined with a phosphate group
What is the primary function of a nucleoplasm in the cell nucleus?
Serving as the gel-like substance within the nucleus
What is the primary function of a nuclear body in the cell nucleus?
Serving as a discrete organelle within the nucleus
What is the primary function of a nuclear pore complex in the cell nucleus?
Serving as a transport channel through the nuclear envelope
What is the primary function of a nuclear membrane in cellular biology?
Separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm
What is the primary function of a nuclear receptor superfamily in cellular biology?
Acting as receptors for steroid hormones, thyroid hormone, retinoic acid, and vitamin D3
What is the primary function of a nuclear transport receptor in cellular biology?
Recognizing nuclear localization signals and mediating transport across the nuclear envelope
What is the primary function of a nucleic acid hybridization in molecular biology?
Forming double-stranded DNA and/or RNA molecules by complementary base pairing
What is the primary function of a nucleoid in prokaryotic cells?
Containing the cell's genetic material
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