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Questions and Answers
What is a common characteristic of lipids?
What is a common characteristic of lipids?
- They are only found in plants
- They are soluble in water
- They are only found in animals
- They are insoluble in water (correct)
What is one of the functions of lipids in the body?
What is one of the functions of lipids in the body?
- Nucleic acid synthesis
- Protein synthesis
- Energy storage (correct)
- Carbohydrate metabolism
What is a lipid that is both water soluble and water insoluble called?
What is a lipid that is both water soluble and water insoluble called?
- Lipophilic
- Amphipathic (correct)
- Hydrophobic
- Hydrophilic
What is an example of a lipid derived from fatty acids?
What is an example of a lipid derived from fatty acids?
What is the term for lipids that are fully water hating or insoluble in water?
What is the term for lipids that are fully water hating or insoluble in water?
What is another function of lipids in the body?
What is another function of lipids in the body?
What is a characteristic of the 'tail' of a fatty acid?
What is a characteristic of the 'tail' of a fatty acid?
What is the reason for the kinks in the chain of unsaturated fatty acids?
What is the reason for the kinks in the chain of unsaturated fatty acids?
What is the effect of cis double bonds on the fatty acid tail?
What is the effect of cis double bonds on the fatty acid tail?
Why do longer fatty acid chains have higher melting points?
Why do longer fatty acid chains have higher melting points?
What is unique about the rotation of the C=C double bond?
What is unique about the rotation of the C=C double bond?
What is the purpose of counting the carbons starting from COOH in fatty acid nomenclature?
What is the purpose of counting the carbons starting from COOH in fatty acid nomenclature?
What is a characteristic that lowers the melting point of a fatty acid?
What is a characteristic that lowers the melting point of a fatty acid?
How can lipids be classified?
How can lipids be classified?
What is the significance of the superscript delta (D) in fatty acid nomenclature?
What is the significance of the superscript delta (D) in fatty acid nomenclature?
What is the backbone of glycerolipids?
What is the backbone of glycerolipids?
What is the difference between mono- and poly-unsaturation in fatty acids?
What is the difference between mono- and poly-unsaturation in fatty acids?
What is the result of structural isomerism in fatty acids?
What is the result of structural isomerism in fatty acids?
What is a characteristic of triglycerides?
What is a characteristic of triglycerides?
What is the format for writing the nomenclature of an unsaturated fatty acid?
What is the format for writing the nomenclature of an unsaturated fatty acid?
What is a type of lipid that is composed of glycerol and fatty acids?
What is a type of lipid that is composed of glycerol and fatty acids?
Why do lipids often fall into multiple categories?
Why do lipids often fall into multiple categories?
What is the main role of triglycerides in the body?
What is the main role of triglycerides in the body?
What is the result of esterification between glycerol and fatty acids?
What is the result of esterification between glycerol and fatty acids?
What is the main difference between storage lipids and membrane lipids?
What is the main difference between storage lipids and membrane lipids?
What is the main component of sphingolipids?
What is the main component of sphingolipids?
What is the function of triglycerides in terms of buoyancy?
What is the function of triglycerides in terms of buoyancy?
What type of bond links galactose to glycerol in galactolipids?
What type of bond links galactose to glycerol in galactolipids?
What is the main role of phospholipids in the body?
What is the main role of phospholipids in the body?
What is the main difference between galactolipids and phospholipids?
What is the main difference between galactolipids and phospholipids?
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Study Notes
Types of Biomolecules
- Nucleic acids (nucleotides)
- Proteins (amino acids)
- Carbohydrates (sugars)
- Lipids
Introduction to Lipids
- Lipids are a broad class of molecules that are insoluble in water
- Examples: waxes, oils, fats
- Lipids can be classified as:
- Hydrophobic (fully water-hating/insoluble in water)
- Amphipathic (water-soluble and water-insoluble groups on one molecule)
Functions of Lipids
- Energy storage
- Biomembranes
- Signaling
- Enzymatic co-factors
Fatty Acids
- Hydrophilic "head" and hydrophobic "tail"
- Typically 12 to 24 carbons, with an even number of carbons only
- Can be subdivided into:
- Mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids
- Structural isomerism in fatty acids (cis and trans configurations)
Fatty Acids Nomenclature
- Standard nomenclature: count the carbons starting from COOH, write the number down, followed by a colon
- Write the number of double bonds after the colon
- Write the first carbon of the double bond as a superscript to a delta (Δ)
- For unsaturated fatty acids, write down the cis/trans configuration
Melting Points
- The longer the chain, the higher the melting point
- Cis configuration double bonds lower the melting point
Classification of Lipids
- By synthetic pathway (e.g., steroids vs fatty acids)
- By function (e.g., source of energy, membrane components, messengers)
- By structure (e.g., simple, complex, derived)
- By chemical composition (e.g., phospholipids, glycolipids)
Glycerolipids
- Composed of glycerol and fatty acids
- Glycerol is a 3-carbon polyalcohol
- Triglycerides are a typical class of glycerolipids
Roles of Triglycerides
- Energy storage: energy-rich and can be packed up easily
- Buoyancy: low density and density changes with temperature
- Thermal insulation: fats do not conduct heat well, preventing heat loss
Phosphoglycerides
- Also known as glycerophospholipids
- Important in biomembranes
- Are a class of phospholipids
- Composed of glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate group, and polar head
Galactolipids
- Not phospholipids
- Galactose linked by a glycosidic bond to glycerol
- The fatty acids are typically linoleic acid
Sphingolipids
- Based on sphingosine
- Can be phospholipids
- Can be simple or complex
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