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Questions and Answers

What is a common characteristic of lipids?

  • They are only found in plants
  • They are soluble in water
  • They are only found in animals
  • They are insoluble in water (correct)

    • What is one of the functions of lipids in the body?

  • Nucleic acid synthesis
  • Protein synthesis
  • Energy storage (correct)
  • Carbohydrate metabolism

    • What is a lipid that is both water soluble and water insoluble called?

  • Lipophilic
  • Amphipathic (correct)
  • Hydrophobic
  • Hydrophilic

    • What is an example of a lipid derived from fatty acids?

    <p>Phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for lipids that are fully water hating or insoluble in water?

    <p>Hydrophobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another function of lipids in the body?

    <p>Biomembranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the 'tail' of a fatty acid?

    <p>It is composed of 12 to 24 carbons, with an even number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the kinks in the chain of unsaturated fatty acids?

    <p>The presence of double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cis double bonds on the fatty acid tail?

    <p>They cause kinks in the tail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do longer fatty acid chains have higher melting points?

    <p>Because of the increased van der Waals interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the rotation of the C=C double bond?

    <p>It is not allowed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of counting the carbons starting from COOH in fatty acid nomenclature?

    <p>To determine the number of carbons in the fatty acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic that lowers the melting point of a fatty acid?

    <p>Cis double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can lipids be classified?

    <p>By synthetic pathway, function, structure, or chemical composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the superscript delta (D) in fatty acid nomenclature?

    <p>It indicates the location of the first carbon of the double bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the backbone of glycerolipids?

    <p>Glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between mono- and poly-unsaturation in fatty acids?

    <p>The number of double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of structural isomerism in fatty acids?

    <p>Two configurations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of triglycerides?

    <p>They are composed of glycerol and fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the format for writing the nomenclature of an unsaturated fatty acid?

    <p>Number of carbons : number of double bonds : location of double bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of lipid that is composed of glycerol and fatty acids?

    <p>Glycerolipid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do lipids often fall into multiple categories?

    <p>Because they have different structures and functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of triglycerides in the body?

    <p>Energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of esterification between glycerol and fatty acids?

    <p>Formation of a triglyceride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between storage lipids and membrane lipids?

    <p>Storage lipids are neutral, while membrane lipids are polar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of sphingolipids?

    <p>Sphingosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of triglycerides in terms of buoyancy?

    <p>They decrease the body's density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond links galactose to glycerol in galactolipids?

    <p>Glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of phospholipids in the body?

    <p>Structural component of biomembranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between galactolipids and phospholipids?

    <p>Galactolipids do not have a phosphate group, while phospholipids do</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Types of Biomolecules

    • Nucleic acids (nucleotides)
    • Proteins (amino acids)
    • Carbohydrates (sugars)
    • Lipids

    Introduction to Lipids

    • Lipids are a broad class of molecules that are insoluble in water
    • Examples: waxes, oils, fats
    • Lipids can be classified as:
      • Hydrophobic (fully water-hating/insoluble in water)
      • Amphipathic (water-soluble and water-insoluble groups on one molecule)

    Functions of Lipids

    • Energy storage
    • Biomembranes
    • Signaling
    • Enzymatic co-factors

    Fatty Acids

    • Hydrophilic "head" and hydrophobic "tail"
    • Typically 12 to 24 carbons, with an even number of carbons only
    • Can be subdivided into:
      • Mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids
      • Structural isomerism in fatty acids (cis and trans configurations)

    Fatty Acids Nomenclature

    • Standard nomenclature: count the carbons starting from COOH, write the number down, followed by a colon
    • Write the number of double bonds after the colon
    • Write the first carbon of the double bond as a superscript to a delta (Δ)
    • For unsaturated fatty acids, write down the cis/trans configuration

    Melting Points

    • The longer the chain, the higher the melting point
    • Cis configuration double bonds lower the melting point

    Classification of Lipids

    • By synthetic pathway (e.g., steroids vs fatty acids)
    • By function (e.g., source of energy, membrane components, messengers)
    • By structure (e.g., simple, complex, derived)
    • By chemical composition (e.g., phospholipids, glycolipids)

    Glycerolipids

    • Composed of glycerol and fatty acids
    • Glycerol is a 3-carbon polyalcohol
    • Triglycerides are a typical class of glycerolipids

    Roles of Triglycerides

    • Energy storage: energy-rich and can be packed up easily
    • Buoyancy: low density and density changes with temperature
    • Thermal insulation: fats do not conduct heat well, preventing heat loss

    Phosphoglycerides

    • Also known as glycerophospholipids
    • Important in biomembranes
    • Are a class of phospholipids
    • Composed of glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate group, and polar head

    Galactolipids

    • Not phospholipids
    • Galactose linked by a glycosidic bond to glycerol
    • The fatty acids are typically linoleic acid

    Sphingolipids

    • Based on sphingosine
    • Can be phospholipids
    • Can be simple or complex

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