Pre-Natal Development
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Questions and Answers

Which substance is almost certain to cause deafness and heart defects in babies?

  • Alcohol
  • Opioids
  • Rubella (correct)
  • Cocaine

    • Babies born to mothers who used opioids during pregnancy are most likely to experience which of the following?

  • Increased birth weight
  • Deafness
  • Withdrawal symptoms (correct)
  • Increased information-processing skills

    • What is a significant risk factor associated with caffeine consumption during pregnancy?

  • Deafness
  • Slightly increased risk of miscarriage (correct)
  • Withdrawal symptoms in newborns
  • Fetal malnourishment

    • What developmental issue is associated with chronic stress during pregnancy?

    <p>Preterm delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical maladaptive tendency for toddlers as described in the content?

    <p>Impulsiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What risk is increased with fetal exposure to low levels of environmental toxins?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by sleep disturbance and irritability in newborns?

    <p>Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a significant person for infants during their first developmental challenge?

    <p>Mother</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely outcome for babies born to diabetic mothers?

    <p>Heart and neural tube defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tends to happen to babies born to adolescent mothers?

    <p>They tend to have premature or underweight babies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the sudden death of an infant under age 1, with the cause remaining unexplained?

    <p>Sudden Infant Death Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is lacking in infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

    <p>Surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Postmature babies tend to be long because they have kept growing in the womb but have what issue?

    <p>Insufficient blood supply toward the end of gestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental agent can interfere with normal prenatal development and cause birth defects?

    <p>Teratogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period are the effects of teratogens the worst?

    <p>During the critical period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition involves the neural tube failing to close, resulting in part of the spinal cord not being fully encased?

    <p>Spina Bifida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is used to relieve morning sickness but caused severe birth defects?

    <p>Thalidomide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a pregnancy loss before 20 weeks of gestation?

    <p>Spontaneous Abortion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critical nutrient deficiency is linked to neural tube defects?

    <p>Folic Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which prenatal development issue is made worse by both maternal and child's genetic makeup?

    <p>Teratogen exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the crisis faced by children in Erikson's stage of psychosocial development called 'Industry vs. Inferiority'?

    <p>Industry vs. Inferiority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which maladaptive tendency is associated with Erikson's stage of Industry vs. Inferiority?

    <p>Narrow Virtuosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children are more apt to follow their parents' wishes when they believe the parents are:

    <p>Fair and concerned about the child's welfare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a significant person in the Industry vs. Inferiority stage?

    <p>Parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an internalizing behavior?

    <p>Anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emotional change helps children in regulating their behaviors?

    <p>Emotional self-regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of constructive family conflict on children?

    <p>Learning the need for rules and standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is coregulation in the context of childhood development?

    <p>Parents and children sharing power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is more likely to show positive child outcomes according to family dynamics?

    <p>Co-parenting families</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nomination involves asking children who they like to play with?

    <p>Positive nomination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do infants start paying attention to their mirror image?

    <p>By at least 3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the eventual goal of socialization in child development?

    <p>Development of conscience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept describes a child's realization that a girl remains a girl even if she has a short haircut and plays with trucks?

    <p>Gender Constancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes children who are very messy and disorganized as adults due to lax potty training?

    <p>Anal-Expulsive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phrase best describes the virtue developed in children aged 3-5 when they successfully navigate the crisis of Initiative versus Guilt?

    <p>Purpose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a child's eagerness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent in a variety of daily interactions?

    <p>Receptive Cooperation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kohlberg, how do children search for gender cues?

    <p>Actively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes an early indication of the ability to understand others' mental states and their own in child development?

    <p>Pretend Play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theorist believed that children acquire gender roles by imitating models and being rewarded for gender-appropriate behavior?

    <p>Walter Mischel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Maladaptive Tendency of Ruthlessness indicate in child development?

    <p>Don't care who they step on to achieve their goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of children frequently receive both positive and negative nominations?

    <p>Controversial children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of instrumental aggression?

    <p>Aimed at achieving an objective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of aggression is characterized by being reactive?

    <p>Hostile aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the virtue developed during adolescence according to the provided information?

    <p>Fidelity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'fidelity' represent in the context of adolescent development?

    <p>Sustained loyalty and faith</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the crisis adolescents face according to the content?

    <p>Identity vs. Role Confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavior is commonly associated with individuals having low arousal levels?

    <p>Antisocial behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of children is frequently nominated as a 'bestie' and rarely disliked by peers?

    <p>Popular children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept involves quickly concluding others are acting with ill intent?

    <p>Hostile attributional bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of individual believes that their 'ways' are the only ways?

    <p>Fanaticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Prenatal Development

    • Against the parent's bare chest helps to stabilize the preterm's heartbeat, temperature, and breathing.
    • Respiratory Distress Syndrome is a lack of surfactant, a lung-coating substance that keeps air sacs from collapsing.
    • Postmature babies tend to be long because they have kept growing in the womb but have had an insufficient blood supply toward the end of gestation.
    • Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is the sudden death of an infant under age 1, with the cause of death remaining unexplained.

    Critical Issues

    • Miscarriages are short-lived pregnancies, with spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) being the expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that is unable to survive outside the womb, usually occurring before 20 weeks.
    • Stillbirth is a miscarriage that occurs after 20 weeks of gestation (approximately 5 months).
    • Males are more likely to be spontaneously aborted or to be stillborn.
    • Teratogen is an environmental agent that can interfere with normal prenatal development.
    • The effects of teratogen depend on the quality of both the prenatal and the postnatal environment.
    • Teratology is the field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects.

    Factors Affecting Prenatal Development

    • Omega-E, DHA, and Folic Acid are important for the development of the nervous system.
    • Spina Bifida is a neural tube defect in which part of the spinal cord is not fully encased in the protective covering of the spinal column.
    • Anencephaly is a lethal defect in which the main portion of the brain above the brain stem failed to develop.
    • Thalidomide was used to relieve morning sickness, but it caused stunted limbs, facial deformities, and defective organs.
    • Tobacco consumption during pregnancy increases the risks of miscarriage, prematurity, low birth weight, cleft lips, and cleft palates.

    Effects of Substances on Fetal Development

    • Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can cause spontaneous abortion, premature detachment of the placenta, and deficits in information-processing and sensory motor skills.
    • Cocaine consumption during pregnancy can cause spontaneous abortion, premature detachment of the placenta, and deficits in information-processing and sensory motor skills.
    • Opioids consumption during pregnancy can cause small babies, fetal death, preterm labor, and aspiration of meconium.
    • Caffeine consumption during pregnancy may increase the risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, and low birth weight babies.
    • Rubella consumption during pregnancy can cause deafness and heart defects in babies.
    • Toxoplasmosis consumption during pregnancy can cause fetal brain damage, severely impaired eyesight, and seizures.

    Developmental Issues

    • Infancy and Toddlerhood: Trust vs. Mistrust, and the development of hope or fear.
    • Maladaptive tendencies: sensory maladjustment, malignant tendency, and impulsiveness.
    • Child Development: Self-Concept, Socialization, and Situational Compliance.
    • Preschool Children: Initiative vs. Guilt, and the development of purpose.
    • Maladaptive tendencies: ruthlessness, inhibition, and narrow virtuosity.

    Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

    • Inferiority and Industry: Children develop a sense of industry when they learn how to work hard to achieve goals.
    • Maladaptive tendencies: narrow virtuosity and inertia.
    • Significant persons: Neighborhood and school.

    Family Dynamics

    • Family conflict can affect children's development.
    • Co-regulation: Children and parents share power.
    • Children exposed to high levels of family conflict are more likely to show internalizing or externalizing behaviors.
    • Adoption: Children adopted after the age of 1 were more likely to show lower school achievement.

    Peer Relationships

    • Nomination: Positive and negative nominations, and peer groups help children learn how to adjust their needs and desires to those of others.
    • Rejected, neglected, controversial, and popular children.
    • Instrumental aggression: Aimed at achieving an objective.
    • Hostile aggression: Intended to hurt another person.

    Adolescence

    • Identity vs. Role Confusion: The development of a coherent conception of the self.
    • Fidelity: Sustained loyalty, faith, or a sense of belonging to a loved one, friends, or companions.
    • Maladaptive tendencies: fanaticism and repudiation.
    • Sexual identity: Seeing oneself as a sexual being, recognizing one's sexual orientation, and forming romantic or sexual attachments.
    • Transgender: Biological sex at birth and gender identity are not the same.
    • Juvenile delinquency: Breaking the law or engaging in behavior considered illegal.

    Antisocial Behaviors

    • Tends to run in families.
    • Individuals who have low arousal levels may be prone to antisocial behaviors.

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