50 Questions
Which substance is almost certain to cause deafness and heart defects in babies?
Rubella
Babies born to mothers who used opioids during pregnancy are most likely to experience which of the following?
Withdrawal symptoms
What is a significant risk factor associated with caffeine consumption during pregnancy?
Slightly increased risk of miscarriage
What developmental issue is associated with chronic stress during pregnancy?
Preterm delivery
What is a typical maladaptive tendency for toddlers as described in the content?
Impulsiveness
What risk is increased with fetal exposure to low levels of environmental toxins?
Asthma
Which condition is characterized by sleep disturbance and irritability in newborns?
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
Which of the following is a significant person for infants during their first developmental challenge?
Mother
What is a likely outcome for babies born to diabetic mothers?
Heart and neural tube defects
What tends to happen to babies born to adolescent mothers?
They tend to have premature or underweight babies
Which condition is characterized by the sudden death of an infant under age 1, with the cause remaining unexplained?
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
What substance is lacking in infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome?
Surfactant
Postmature babies tend to be long because they have kept growing in the womb but have what issue?
Insufficient blood supply toward the end of gestation
Which environmental agent can interfere with normal prenatal development and cause birth defects?
Teratogen
During which period are the effects of teratogens the worst?
During the critical period
Which condition involves the neural tube failing to close, resulting in part of the spinal cord not being fully encased?
Spina Bifida
Which substance is used to relieve morning sickness but caused severe birth defects?
Thalidomide
What is the term for a pregnancy loss before 20 weeks of gestation?
Spontaneous Abortion
What critical nutrient deficiency is linked to neural tube defects?
Folic Acid
Which prenatal development issue is made worse by both maternal and child's genetic makeup?
Teratogen exposure
What is the crisis faced by children in Erikson's stage of psychosocial development called 'Industry vs. Inferiority'?
Industry vs. Inferiority
Which maladaptive tendency is associated with Erikson's stage of Industry vs. Inferiority?
Narrow Virtuosity
Children are more apt to follow their parents' wishes when they believe the parents are:
Fair and concerned about the child's welfare
What is NOT a significant person in the Industry vs. Inferiority stage?
Parents
Which of the following is an internalizing behavior?
Anxiety
What emotional change helps children in regulating their behaviors?
Emotional self-regulation
What is the effect of constructive family conflict on children?
Learning the need for rules and standards
What is coregulation in the context of childhood development?
Parents and children sharing power
Which group is more likely to show positive child outcomes according to family dynamics?
Co-parenting families
What type of nomination involves asking children who they like to play with?
Positive nomination
At what age do infants start paying attention to their mirror image?
By at least 3 months
What is the eventual goal of socialization in child development?
Development of conscience
Which concept describes a child's realization that a girl remains a girl even if she has a short haircut and plays with trucks?
Gender Constancy
What term describes children who are very messy and disorganized as adults due to lax potty training?
Anal-Expulsive
Which phrase best describes the virtue developed in children aged 3-5 when they successfully navigate the crisis of Initiative versus Guilt?
Purpose
Which term refers to a child's eagerness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent in a variety of daily interactions?
Receptive Cooperation
According to Kohlberg, how do children search for gender cues?
Actively
Which term describes an early indication of the ability to understand others' mental states and their own in child development?
Pretend Play
Which theorist believed that children acquire gender roles by imitating models and being rewarded for gender-appropriate behavior?
Walter Mischel
What does the Maladaptive Tendency of Ruthlessness indicate in child development?
Don't care who they step on to achieve their goals
Which type of children frequently receive both positive and negative nominations?
Controversial children
What is the primary characteristic of instrumental aggression?
Aimed at achieving an objective
Which type of aggression is characterized by being reactive?
Hostile aggression
What is the virtue developed during adolescence according to the provided information?
Fidelity
What does 'fidelity' represent in the context of adolescent development?
Sustained loyalty and faith
What is the crisis adolescents face according to the content?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Which behavior is commonly associated with individuals having low arousal levels?
Antisocial behavior
Which group of children is frequently nominated as a 'bestie' and rarely disliked by peers?
Popular children
Which concept involves quickly concluding others are acting with ill intent?
Hostile attributional bias
Which type of individual believes that their 'ways' are the only ways?
Fanaticism
Study Notes
Prenatal Development
- Against the parent's bare chest helps to stabilize the preterm's heartbeat, temperature, and breathing.
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome is a lack of surfactant, a lung-coating substance that keeps air sacs from collapsing.
- Postmature babies tend to be long because they have kept growing in the womb but have had an insufficient blood supply toward the end of gestation.
- Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is the sudden death of an infant under age 1, with the cause of death remaining unexplained.
Critical Issues
- Miscarriages are short-lived pregnancies, with spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) being the expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that is unable to survive outside the womb, usually occurring before 20 weeks.
- Stillbirth is a miscarriage that occurs after 20 weeks of gestation (approximately 5 months).
- Males are more likely to be spontaneously aborted or to be stillborn.
- Teratogen is an environmental agent that can interfere with normal prenatal development.
- The effects of teratogen depend on the quality of both the prenatal and the postnatal environment.
- Teratology is the field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects.
Factors Affecting Prenatal Development
- Omega-E, DHA, and Folic Acid are important for the development of the nervous system.
- Spina Bifida is a neural tube defect in which part of the spinal cord is not fully encased in the protective covering of the spinal column.
- Anencephaly is a lethal defect in which the main portion of the brain above the brain stem failed to develop.
- Thalidomide was used to relieve morning sickness, but it caused stunted limbs, facial deformities, and defective organs.
- Tobacco consumption during pregnancy increases the risks of miscarriage, prematurity, low birth weight, cleft lips, and cleft palates.
Effects of Substances on Fetal Development
- Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can cause spontaneous abortion, premature detachment of the placenta, and deficits in information-processing and sensory motor skills.
- Cocaine consumption during pregnancy can cause spontaneous abortion, premature detachment of the placenta, and deficits in information-processing and sensory motor skills.
- Opioids consumption during pregnancy can cause small babies, fetal death, preterm labor, and aspiration of meconium.
- Caffeine consumption during pregnancy may increase the risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, and low birth weight babies.
- Rubella consumption during pregnancy can cause deafness and heart defects in babies.
- Toxoplasmosis consumption during pregnancy can cause fetal brain damage, severely impaired eyesight, and seizures.
Developmental Issues
- Infancy and Toddlerhood: Trust vs. Mistrust, and the development of hope or fear.
- Maladaptive tendencies: sensory maladjustment, malignant tendency, and impulsiveness.
- Child Development: Self-Concept, Socialization, and Situational Compliance.
- Preschool Children: Initiative vs. Guilt, and the development of purpose.
- Maladaptive tendencies: ruthlessness, inhibition, and narrow virtuosity.
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
- Inferiority and Industry: Children develop a sense of industry when they learn how to work hard to achieve goals.
- Maladaptive tendencies: narrow virtuosity and inertia.
- Significant persons: Neighborhood and school.
Family Dynamics
- Family conflict can affect children's development.
- Co-regulation: Children and parents share power.
- Children exposed to high levels of family conflict are more likely to show internalizing or externalizing behaviors.
- Adoption: Children adopted after the age of 1 were more likely to show lower school achievement.
Peer Relationships
- Nomination: Positive and negative nominations, and peer groups help children learn how to adjust their needs and desires to those of others.
- Rejected, neglected, controversial, and popular children.
- Instrumental aggression: Aimed at achieving an objective.
- Hostile aggression: Intended to hurt another person.
Adolescence
- Identity vs. Role Confusion: The development of a coherent conception of the self.
- Fidelity: Sustained loyalty, faith, or a sense of belonging to a loved one, friends, or companions.
- Maladaptive tendencies: fanaticism and repudiation.
- Sexual identity: Seeing oneself as a sexual being, recognizing one's sexual orientation, and forming romantic or sexual attachments.
- Transgender: Biological sex at birth and gender identity are not the same.
- Juvenile delinquency: Breaking the law or engaging in behavior considered illegal.
Antisocial Behaviors
- Tends to run in families.
- Individuals who have low arousal levels may be prone to antisocial behaviors.
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