Chemistry Fundamentals: Solutions and Acids-Bases
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Questions and Answers

What is the effect of increasing pressure on the dissolution rate of gases?

  • It increases the dissolution rate (correct)
  • It changes the solute into a different substance
  • It decreases the dissolution rate
  • It has no effect on the dissolution rate

    • What is the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield known as?

  • Percent yield (correct)
  • Percent composition
  • Empirical formula
  • Molecular mass

    • What happens to a granulated sugar compared to a sugar cube?

  • It remains the same
  • It cannot dissolve
  • It dissolves slower
  • It dissolves faster (correct)

    • What is the purpose of calculating the percent composition of an element in a compound?

    <p>To determine the empirical formula of the compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an electrolyte?

    <p>A substance that breaks into ions and forms an electrically conductive liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a solubility curve?

    <p>To compare the solubility of different solutes at various temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a compound that contains water (chemically bonded molecules)?

    <p>Hydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a saturated solution?

    <p>A solution with the maximum amount of solute dissolved at a given temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the factor that affects the rate of dissolution that states 'like dissolves like'?

    <p>Polarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of a solute breaking down into elementary particles and mixing with a solvent?

    <p>Dissolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using molarity in chemical reactions?

    <p>To provide a standardized basis for quantifying the number of particles involved in a reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of molarity?

    <p>The number of moles of a dissolved substance per liter of solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Avogadro's number in chemistry?

    <p>It is the number of entities in one mole of a substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a solution, in chemistry?

    <p>A homogeneous mixture in which one substance is dissolved in another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of solutions can molarity be applied to, apart from liquid solutions?

    <p>Gas-phase solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard temperature and pressure condition (STP) applicable to?

    <p>Gas reactions under specific conditions of 0°C and 1.0 atmosphere of pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the volume occupied by one mole of gas under standard conditions?

    <p>22.4 liters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of balancing a chemical reaction?

    <p>To adjust the stoichiometric coefficients based on the number of moles of the key reactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the amount of product that will be generated in a chemical reaction?

    <p>The amount of limiting reactant present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the product in grams?

    <p>Product in grams = moles of limiting reactant * (mole ratio of product / limiting reactant) * molar mass of product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for a precipitate forming when two solutions with dissolved salts are mixed?

    <p>A double replacement reaction occurs, resulting in an insoluble solid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of molarity?

    <p>moles of solute per liter of solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a salt solubility table?

    <p>To predict the formation of a precipitate when two solutions are mixed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a solution in which the dissolved substance is in dynamic equilibrium with its undissolved form?

    <p>The solution contains equal amounts of solute and solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which colligative property is expressed mathematically as Raoult's law?

    <p>Vapor pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the solubility of a solute?

    <p>The concentration needed to make a saturated solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the motion of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane to dilute the most concentrated solution?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of an Arrhenius acid?

    <p>It contains hydrogen ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a homogeneous mixture that can form a saturated solution?

    <p>Solid dissolving in a liquid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a decomposition reaction involving a binary compound?

    <p>The separation of the compound into its elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of the definition of an acid provided by the first scientist?

    <p>It doesn't account for gaseous acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a substance that can act as either a proton donor or acceptor depending on the circumstances?

    <p>Amphoteric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH of a solution formed from a strong acid and a strong base reaction?

    <p>pH = 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the pH of a solution and its basicity?

    <p>The higher the pH, the more basic the solution is.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equilibrium constant for the autoionization of water at 25 degrees C?

    <p>10^-14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate the pH of a solution?

    <p>pH = -log[H+]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH range of a solution that is considered to be an acid?

    <p>pH 0-6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the amount of moles per unit volume of a solution?

    <p>Molarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be discussed and compared after the molarity of a solution is established?

    <p>Both the dilution and actual concentration of the solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of pH?

    <p>pH can never be negative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the amount of a substance dissolved in a solution per unit volume?

    <p>Solute concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason chemists use molar units when working with chemical reactions?

    <p>To quantify the amount of substance in a reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a mole in chemistry?

    <p>The international standard unit for quantifying the amount of a substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating the percent composition of an element in a compound?

    <p>To determine the empirical formula of a compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of solutions, apart from liquid solutions, can molarity be applied to?

    <p>Gas-phase solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Avogadro's number in chemistry?

    <p>It is a fundamental constant that equals the number of particles in one mole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a compound that contains water (chemically bonded molecules)?

    <p>Hydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the factor that affects the rate of dissolution, stating 'like dissolves like'?

    <p>Polarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under standard temperature and pressure conditions, what volume does one mole of gas occupy?

    <p>22.4 liters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of determining the mole ratio in a hydrate?

    <p>To determine the empirical formula of the compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of balancing a chemical reaction?

    <p>To determine the stoichiometric coefficients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of a solute breaking down into elementary particles and mixing with a solvent?

    <p>Dissolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the amount of product that will be generated in a chemical reaction?

    <p>The amount of limiting reactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the product in grams?

    <p>Product in grams = moles of limiting reactant * (mole ratio of product / limiting reactant) * molar mass of product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reactant that yields the least amount of product?

    <p>Limiting reactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that distinguishes electrolytes from nonelectrolytes?

    <p>Their ability to conduct electricity when in a liquid form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the surface area of a solute on the dissolution rate?

    <p>It increases the dissolution rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a solution that contains a concentration of solute above the solubility limit at a given temperature?

    <p>Supersaturated solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating the concentration of a solution in terms of mass percent?

    <p>To express the concentration of a solution in a more intuitive way</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a substance that breaks into ions and forms an electrically conductive liquid when melted or dissolved?

    <p>Electrolyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for using molality in techniques like freezing point depression and boiling point elevation?

    <p>It relates moles of solute to the kilogram weight of the solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when two solutions with dissolved salts are mixed?

    <p>A double replacement reaction occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dynamic equilibrium in a saturated solution?

    <p>Equal amounts of solute and solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the solid substance formed from two aqueous solutions?

    <p>Precipitate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of molarity?

    <p>Mol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of a synthesis reaction?

    <p>Elements combine to form a compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of polarity in the dissolution of a substance?

    <p>Polarity is a factor that influences the dissolution rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of properties are boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, vapor pressure, and osmotic pressure?

    <p>Colligative properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of the definition of an acid provided by the first scientist?

    <p>It says that to be an acid, a substance must always be dissolved in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equilibrium constant for the autoionization of water at 25 degrees C?

    <p>10^-14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an Arrhenius acid?

    <p>Contains hydrogen ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of mixtures that can form saturated solutions?

    <p>Solids, liquids, and gases in various combinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a substance that can act as either a proton donor or acceptor depending on the circumstances?

    <p>Amphoteric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH range of a solution that is considered to be an acid?

    <p>0-6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a strong acid and a strong base reaction?

    <p>A neutral salt and water solution is formed with pH = 7.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate the pH of a solution?

    <p>pH = -log[H+]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the pH of a solution and its basicity?

    <p>As pH increases, the solution becomes more basic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the amount of moles per unit volume of a solution?

    <p>Molarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be discussed and compared after the molarity of a solution is established?

    <p>Dilution and actual concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of pH?

    <p>pH can never be negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Molarity

    • Molarity is an international standard unit of measure that quantifies the amount of a substance dissolved in a solution.
    • It is defined as the number of moles of a dissolved substance (solute) per liter of solution.
    • One mole equals 6.022 x 10^23 entities (Avogadro's number).

    Gas Phase Solutions

    • Four variables are needed to define the physical state of a gas: temperature, pressure, volume, and the amount of gas (expressed as the number of moles).
    • The ideal gas law quantifies the relationships between these variables.
    • At standard temperature and pressure (STP) conditions (0°C and 1 atm), one mole of gas occupies 22.4 liters.

    Chemical Reactions

    • To determine how much gas is reacted or produced in a chemical reaction, four basic steps are needed:
      1. Write out the basic chemical reaction of interest.
      2. Find the number of moles of the reactant.
      3. Balance the chemical reaction by adjusting the stoichiometric coefficients (mole ratios) based on the number of moles of the key reactant.
      4. Convert moles of product to liters.

    Limiting and Excess Reactants

    • Not all reactants are consumed completely in a chemical process.
    • The limiting reactant governs the amount of excess reactant that will be consumed and the amount of product that will be generated.
    • The molar ratios aid in determining which reactant is limiting and which is excessive.

    Percent Composition

    • The percent composition of a compound indicates the percent by mass of each element present in it.
    • It is calculated by dividing the total amount of an element by the molecular mass of the compound, multiplied by 100%.
    • Empirical formula is the basic formula for expressing the proportion of elements that make up a compound.

    Hydrates

    • A hydrate is a compound that contains water (chemically bonded molecules).
    • When a hydrate is heated, the hydrate loses its water and the substance that is left over is called the anhydrate.
    • To determine the empirical formula of a hydrate, the "n", which is the number of moles of water, must be determined.

    Dissolution

    • Dissolution is when a solute dissolves into a solvent and forms a homogeneous mixture called a solution.
    • Factors affecting the rate of dissolution include polarity, temperature, pressure, and surface area of the solute.

    Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes

    • An electrolyte is a substance that breaks into ions and forms an electrically conductive liquid when melted or dissolved.
    • Nonelectrolytes are substances that neither break into ions nor form an electrically conductive liquid when melted or dissolved.
    • Electrical conductivity of electrolyte solutions depends on the concentration of solutes (ions) in solution.

    Solubility Curve

    • A solubility curve is a pictorial representation of the solubility of a solute in a solvent.
    • It represents the solubility limits of a given mass of solute in grams at a specific temperature in degrees Celsius.

    Salts

    • A salt is a chemical formed after a reaction when the hydrogen from acid is replaced, at least partly, by a cation.
    • Salts are ionic compounds with a cation and an anion, and some are soluble in water.

    Concentration Units

    • Molarity (M) is the concentration of a solution expressed in moles of solute per liter of solution.
    • Molality (m) is the concentration of a solution expressed in moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

    Colligative Properties

    • Colligative properties are properties of solutions that only depend on the ratio of solute and solvent present in the solution.
    • The four colligative properties are boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, vapor pressure, and osmotic pressure.

    Saturated Solutions

    • A saturated solution is a homogeneous mixture in which the dissolved substance is in dynamic equilibrium with its undissolved form.
    • The solubility of a solute is the concentration needed to make a saturated solution (its maximum possible concentration).

    Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

    • A synthesis reaction is a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound.
    • A decomposition reaction is a reaction in which a compound separates into its elements or compounds.

    Arrhenius Acids and Bases

    • Arrhenius acids and bases can be defined by a substance's behavior when dissolved in water.### Arrhenius Acids and Bases

    • An Arrhenius acid contains hydrogen ions, which combine with water molecules to form hydronium ions when dissolved in water.

    • Hydronium ions are the key component of an Arrhenius acid.

    • An Arrhenius base exists when a substance is dissolved in water and creates a hydroxide ion in the product.

    Properties of Arrhenius Acids and Bases

    • Arrhenius acids: react with bases, have pH values between 0 and 7, taste sour, smell sour, and turn litmus paper red.
    • Arrhenius bases: feel slippery to the touch, taste soapy, have pH values greater than 7, and turn litmus paper blue.

    Examples of Arrhenius Acids and Bases

    • Notable Arrhenius acids: HCl, HBr, HI, and HF.
    • Notable Arrhenius bases: NaOH, KOH, and LiOH.

    Limitations of the Arrhenius Definition

    • The need for water to be present in order to dissociate into either hydronium or hydroxide is a limitation of the Arrhenius definition.

    Other Definitions of Acids and Bases

    • Bronsted and Lowry defined an acid as any substance that can donate a proton and a base as any substance that can accept a proton.
    • Lewis defined an acid as a substance that accepts an electron pair to form a covalent bond, and a base as a substance that donates an electron pair to form a covalent bond.

    Acid-Base Reactions

    • An acid-base reaction involves the reaction between an acid and a base to form their respective conjugate acid and conjugate base.
    • There are four acid-base reaction conditions: strong acid-strong base, strong acid-weak base, weak acid-strong base, and weak acid-weak base.

    Acid-Base Neutralization Reactions

    • A neutral solution is formed when acids and bases of equivalent strength react quantitatively.
    • Examples of real-life acid-base neutralization reactions: breathing into lime water, hydronium ion reaction with hydroxyl ion to form water, and baking powder in cookies.

    Autoionization of Water

    • Water molecules can ionize other water molecules to form hydronium ions and hydroxide ions.
    • The equilibrium constant for the autoionization of water is called the Kw constant, and is 10^-14 at 25°C.
    • The Kw constant allows us to determine the range of the pH scale.

    pH Scale

    • The pH scale ranges from 0-14.
    • When the scale reads from 0-6, the solution is considered acidic.
    • When the solution measures between 8-14, the solution is considered basic.
    • When the scale measures a solution at 7, the solution is considered neutral.

    Calculating pH

    • pH can be calculated using the formula: pH = -log[H+].
    • pH is the negative log of the hydrogen ion solution.
    • pH can never be negative.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of chemistry, including molarity, gas phase solutions, chemical reactions, limiting and excess reactants, percent composition, and acids and bases. It also explores related topics such as dissolution, electrolytes, solubility curves, and colligative properties.

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