Untitled Quiz

Group Leadership Styles

• Instrumental leadership focuses on task completion.
• Expressive leadership focuses on the group's well-being.

Types of Leadership Roles

• Authoritarian leadership concentrates on instrumental goals, assumes responsibility for decision-making, demands obedience, and can be effective, but may not inspire affection.
• Democratic leadership includes everyone in decision-making, which can be slower but yields creative solutions from the group's collective ideas.
• Laissez-faire leadership allows the group to function independently and is the least effective in promoting group goals. Laissez-faire means "leave it alone" in French.

Group Conformity

• Group belonging can influence behavior by promoting conformity.
• Conformity provides security but also can pressure individuals into decisions they wouldn't otherwise make.
• The Line Experiment illustrates how people are willing to compromise their own judgment to avoid being perceived as different, even by strangers.
• Group discussion can enhance decision-making.
• Groupthink is the tendency for group members to conform, resulting in a narrow perspective.
• Individuals do not make judgments about themselves in isolation and vary their subjective sense of their situation based on their reference group.
• A reference group is a social group used as a point of reference for decision-making and evaluation, which people do not need to belong to, but feel the need to conform to.
• People favor one group which leads to in-groups and out-groups.
• In- and out-groups help people establish their social identity.
• An in-group is a social group towards which a person feels respect and loyalty.
• An out-group is a social group towards which a person feels a sense of competition.
• In-groups may protect themselves and their resources from out-groups.
• Social diversity affects group behavior and can manifest in large groups inwards, heterogeneous groups outwards, and social boundaries created by physical boundaries.

Social Networks

• A social network is a web of social ties, encompassing people one comes into contact with, and the further out in the network, the weaker the ties.
• Network ties are a powerful form of human capital.
• Social class, gender, race, and ethnicity influence a social network.

Formal Organizations

• Formal Organizations are secondary groups that are organized to achieve goals efficiently. They are distinguished by participation reasons.
• Utilitarian organizations pay people for their efforts and include businesses, corporations, and government agencies, with joining being an individual choice.
• Normative organizations are joined to pursue goals that match personal morals, values, or beliefs, including community service groups, political parties, and religious organizations.
• Coercive organizations involve involuntary membership, often as a form of punishment in places such as prisons, treatment facilities, or the military, which may lead to social isolation for members.
• Organizations exist within an organizational environment and not in a vacuum.
• Organizational performance is based on its goals and policies, and on the organizational environment.
• Factors like available workforce, technology, population patterns, economic conditions, political trends, current events and other organizations affect organizations.
• Oligarchy is rule by a few, resulting in a pyramid structure with few people at the top controlling resources.
• Oligarchies can be highly efficient in running organizations.
• Oligarchies reduce the power of other organizational members.
• Bureaucracy can distance leaders from the reality of a situation.

The Economy

• The economy is the social institution that organizes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services in society.
• Goods are commodities ranging from necessities to luxury items.
• Services are activities that benefit others.
• Early jobs involved hunting and gathering with simple technology, representing a noncomplex economy.
• The agricultural revolution occurred around 5000 years ago and technology began including animal power and simple tools, increasing productivity compared to hunting and gathering.
• Specialization meant that not everyone had to produce goods.
• Factors key to starting an economy are technology, job specialization, permanent settlements, and trade.
• The Industrial Revolution occurred around the mid-18th century.
• Five fundamental changes occurred during the industrial revolution include new energy sources, the centralization of work in factories, manufacturing and mass production, specialization, and more people employed by strangers for wages.
• The Industrial Revolution increased the overall standard of living, but some benefits are spread unequally.
• The postindustrial economy has a productive system based on service work and complex technology.
• Automated machinery reduced the need for human labor, especially in factory work.
• Computer-based tech resulted in significant shifts from tangible goods to ideas, from mechanical skills to literacy skills, and from factories to almost anywhere.

Sectors of the Economy

• The tertiary sector involves services rather than goods.
• The secondary sector transforms raw materials into manufactured goods.
• The primary sector extracts raw materials from the natural environment.
• The Global Economy is economic activity that crosses national borders, facilitated which is enabled by new information technology and communication. There are approximately 195 politically distinct nations in the world.

Consequences of Globalization

• A global division of labor exists with poor nations specializing in raw materials and rich nations specializing in service.
• Products pass through multiple nations for harvesting, refining, and shipping.
• National governments lose control over domestic economic activity as currency is traded on international markets.
• Tariffs- A tax on imports or exports between different political nations. Tariffs which are paid by companies and citizens of the country issuing the tariff. They can increase the price of domestic goods, change the domestic labor market, and change the domestic product market
• A small number of large international businesses control a vast share of the world's economic activities with the largest 2000 companies accounting for half of the economic output.
• There are increased concerns or awareness about the rights and opportunities of workers, and safety and wage standards in other countries.
• Capitalism is an economic system in which the natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are privately owned.
• The 3 main features of Capitalism are private ownership, pursuit of personal profit, and competition/consumer choice.
• Socialism is an economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are collectively owned.
• Communism is a hypothetical economic and political system in which members of a society are socially equal.
• The 3 main features of Socialism are collective ownership, pursuit of collective goals, and government control.
• Justice in capitalism equates to freedom of the marketplace.
• Justice in socialism means meeting everyone's basic needs in a roughly equal manner.
• Welfare capitalism combines a market-based economy with extensive social welfare programs.
• State capitalism involves private ownership of companies that cooperate closely with the government.
• Capitalism and Socialism can be evaluated by economic productivity, economic equality, and personal freedom.
• GDP is the value of all goods and services produced annually.
• Per capita GDP measures economic performance with varying population sizes.
• Capitalism is characterized by a high overall standard of living, greater income inequality, and the freedom to pursue self-interest with little government interference.
• Socialism creates more economic equality and lower living standards, defining freedom from basic wants, but requires the government to regulate the economy.
• About 40% of U.S. workers were farmers in 1900.
• Less than 1.5% of U.S. workers were farmers in 2022.
• Farms are more productive with new technology.
• The number of smaller “family” farms has decreased and the number of “corporate” farms has increased.

Types of jobs

• Many jobs within a post-industrial society only provide a modest standard of living.
• Women, minorities, and young adults are overrepresented in low-paying service work.
• The primary labor market includes jobs that provide extensive benefits to workers.
• The secondary labor market includes jobs that provide minimal benefits.
• Labor unions are organizations that seek to improve wages and working conditions through negotiations and strikes.
• Union membership increased rapidly during the Great Depression, and reached around 33% of non-farmers belonging to a union.
• Union membership peaked around 1970 with 25 million workers.
• About 11% of non-farmers belong to unions, and government workers are more likely to be union members.
• 36% of government workers are in unions, while 7% of private-sector workers are in unions because new jobs are in the service industry.
• A right-to-work law allows a union to represent workers but cannot require all workers to join and pay dues.
• In a majority sign-up, people must be part of the union to work at the company and all workers pay dues to the union.
• Self-employment means earning a living without being on the payroll of a large organization.
• Unemployment exists in every society.
• People may be unemployed for a variety of reasons, but overall unemployment is caused by the economy.
• Jobs disappear when occupations become obsolete or companies change how they operate and if firms downsize.
• Companies may reduce costs to become more competitive.
• Stiffer competition from foreign firms and economic recession may cause companies to reduce costs.
• Unemployment tends to be higher in western states and higher for racial and ethnic minorities.
• The unemployment rate for those with college degrees is about half of the national average.
• Underemployment occurs when people are employed but overqualified or underpaid for their current jobs.
• Social class is the stratification of members of a society into a hierarchy.
• Every known human society shows social stratification.
• Social class has perceived/subjective and objective components.
• The elements of social class are income, wealth, power, education, and occupational prestige.
• Income is earning from work or investments.
• Income inequality is the extent to which income is distributed unevenly among a population.