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Questions and Answers
Which of the following measures is most appropriate for evaluating the impact of a prevention program?
What is the primary purpose of measuring incidence density?
A research study finds that a disease has a high incidence rate and a low prevalence rate. What can be inferred about the disease?
What is the primary difference between incidence and prevalence?
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A study finds that the prevalence of a disease increases when the disease has a high cure rate. What is the most likely explanation for this finding?
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What is the purpose of calculating the incidence rate per 1000 persons per year?
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A research study finds that the attack rate of a disease is high in a particular population. What can be inferred about the disease?
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What is the relationship between the prevalence of a disease and its incidence rate?
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A study finds that the mortality rate of a disease is high. What can be inferred about the disease?
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What is the primary purpose of calculating the point prevalence of a disease?
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Study Notes
Measures of Disease Frequency
- Point prevalence measures the proportion of a population that has a disease at a specific point in time.
- Period prevalence measures the proportion of a population that has a disease over a specific period of time.
- Case fatality ratio measures the proportion of individuals who die from a disease out of those who are diagnosed with it.
Incidence and Prevalence
- Incidence measures the number of new cases of a disease in a population over a specific period of time.
- Prevalence measures the total number of existing cases of a disease in a population at a specific point in time.
- High incidence and low prevalence indicate a short duration of disease, while low incidence and high prevalence indicate a long duration of disease.
Impact of Prevention Programme
- If a prevention programme is effective, it can reduce the incidence of a disease, leading to a decrease in prevalence.
- In a population with a low prevalence and high incidence, the prevention programme may be effective in reducing the incidence of the disease.
Calculating Prevalence
- To calculate the prevalence of a disease, divide the number of cases by the total population, and multiply by 1000.
- Example: If 16 children out of 3400 are diagnosed with autistic disorder, the prevalence of autism is 4.71 per 1000 children.
- If 105 residents out of 25000 in a city are identified with Hepatitis B infection, the prevalence of Hepatitis B is 4.2 per 1000 population.
Disease Severity
- Case fatality ratio measures the severity of an acute infectious disease.
- Incidence rate and mortality rate are other measures of disease severity.
Research and Literature
- Information retrieval is the process of identifying relevant documents for a research question.
- Critical appraisal is the process of evaluating the quality of relevant documents.
- Literature organization involves categorizing and synthesizing the information retrieved.
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