Unraveling Nitroso Intermediates

Which enzyme system is mainly localized in the liver?

Which enzyme family is responsible for metabolizing approximately 50% of all clinically important drugs?

Which enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of 1/3 of all important drugs?

Which enzyme is involved in the oxidation of an alkyl group to a carboxylic acid?

Which enzyme is responsible for the oxidation of methyl attached to oxygen?

Which enzyme is involved in the N-oxidation of primary aromatic amines?

Which category of drug metabolism involves the addition of endogenous compounds to a drug molecule?

Which type of transformation is most prevalent in phase 1 metabolism?

Do all drugs require both phase 1 and phase 2 biotransformation?

Which type of drugs require more metabolic transformations than hydrophilic drugs?

In some cases, which type of transformation is all that is required for a drug molecule?

What can a hydroxyl group or carboxyl group in a drug molecule be conjugated with to form a readily excretable compound?

Which of the following is the main pathway of biotransformation of primary aromatic amines?

Which of the following is a phase I biotransformation?

Which of the following is a phase II biotransformation?

Which of the following drugs is metabolized by the dealkylation pathway?

What is the preferred route of metabolism for Drug B?

Which ester group in the structure of Cocaine is readily hydrolyzed by esterases and why?

True or False.

Which pathway is involved in the deactivation of reactive intermediates formed during biotransformation?

What type of reaction is N-dealkylation?

What is the result of N-dealkylation of tertiary amines?

Which conjugation pathway is the most common phase 2 reaction?

Do acetylation and methylation increase water solubility?

Which of the following is the most common conjugative pathway for xenobiotic substrates?

What is the main function of Phase I metabolism?

Which enzyme is responsible for transferring glucuronic acid to the drug?

What is the most common phase I metabolic transformation?

Which of the following is a major pathway for cocaine metabolism?

Which conjugation pathway predominates at high substrate concentrations?

Which category of metabolic transformations involves the addition of endogenous compounds to a drug molecule?

Which type of drugs require more metabolic transformations than hydrophilic drugs?

Do all drugs require both phase 1 and phase 2 biotransformation?

What is the main function of Phase I metabolism?

Which enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of a significant number of important drugs?

What can a hydroxyl group or carboxyl group in a drug molecule be conjugated with to form a readily excretable compound?

Which enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of approximately 50% of all clinically important drugs?

What is the most common reaction catalyzed by cytochromes P450?

Which of the following is an example of phase I biotransformation?

Which enzyme is involved in the oxidation of an alkyl group to a carboxylic acid?

What is the result of N-demethylation of tertiary amines?

Which enzyme is responsible for transferring glucuronic acid to the drug?

True or False: All drugs require phase 1 and phase 2 biotransformation processes for their elimination from the body.

Which of the following is NOT a phase 1 biotransformation reaction?

True or False: The sulfhydryl group of glutathione is involved in the deactivation of reactive intermediates formed during biotransformation.

True or False: N-dealkylation is an oxidation reaction.

True or False: N-dealkylation of tertiary amines generally results in a product with the same activity and longer duration of action.

Which of the following is the main pathway of biotransformation of primary aromatic amines?

Which of the following is the main metabolic pathway for the drug mentioned in question 7?

Which of the following is the main pathway of metabolism for drugs such as carbamazepine?

True or False: N-dealkylation of secondary and tertiary amines is a common biotransformation pathway. The product formed has a longer half-life and contributes to biological activity.

Which of the following is the main pathway of biotransformation for primary aromatic amines?

Which of the following is a phase I biotransformation?

Which of the following is a phase II biotransformation?

Which enzyme is responsible for the N-oxidation of primary aromatic amines?

Which enzyme is involved in the oxidation of an alkyl group to a carboxylic acid?

Which conjugation pathway is the most common phase 2 reaction?

Which enzyme is responsible for transferring glucuronic acid to the drug?

Which ester group in the structure of Cocaine is readily hydrolyzed by esterases and why?

Which type of transformation is most prevalent in phase 1 metabolism?

Which organ has the highest metabolic capacity for drug biotransformation?

Which enzyme family is responsible for metabolizing approximately 50% of all clinically important drugs?

Which enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of 1/3 of all important drugs?

Which enzyme is involved in the oxidation of an alkyl group to a carboxylic acid?

Which enzyme is responsible for the N-oxidation of primary aromatic amines?

True or False: All drugs require phase 1 and phase 2 biotransformation processes for their elimination from the body.

Which enzyme is responsible for the N-hydroxylation of procainamide?

Which of the following is a phase II biotransformation?

Which enzyme is responsible for transferring glucuronic acid to the drug?

Which of the following is a common phase I metabolic transformation?

Which enzyme is responsible for metabolizing approximately 50% of all clinically important drugs?

Which of the following is the most common conjugative pathway for xenobiotic substrates?

Which phase of drug metabolism involves the addition of endogenous compounds to the drug molecule?

What is the purpose of drug metabolism?

Which type of drugs require more metabolic transformations than hydrophilic drugs?

Do all drugs require both phase 1 and phase 2 biotransformation?

What is the main purpose of phase 1 transformations in drug metabolism?

Which of the following is NOT a phase 1 biotransformation reaction?

True or False: All drugs require both phase 1 and phase 2 biotransformation processes for their elimination from the body.

Which of the following is a phase I biotransformation?

Which enzyme is involved in the deactivation of reactive intermediates formed during biotransformation?

What type of reaction is N-dealkylation?

Which enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of a significant number of important drugs?

What can a hydroxyl group or carboxyl group in a drug molecule be conjugated with to form a readily excretable compound?

Which of the following is the main pathway of biotransformation of primary aromatic amines?

Which of the following is a phase I biotransformation?

Which of the following is a phase II biotransformation?

Which of the following is metabolized by dealkylation pathway?

True or False: N-dealkylation of secondary and tertiary amines is a common biotransformation pathway. The product formed has a longer half-life and contributes to biological activity.

Which ester group in the structure of Cocaine is readily hydrolyzed by esterases and why?

RH + O2 + NADPH + H+ → ROH + H2O + NADP+ This is the most common reaction catalyzed by CYP450; a monooxygenase reaction.

One of the following phase 1 reactions do not present an inactive metabolite

1. Propranolol to 4-OH propranolol in Aromatic hydroxylation.

2. Diazepam Aromatic Hydroxylation

3. Codeine to Morphine

4. Biotransformation of Fenoprofen

Acetylation, Methylation do not hydrolyze in Phase II reaction, they are only there to terminate a reaction.