Gary Payne Chapter 7 Deviance Quiz Gecko Version
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Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of sociology when studying deviance?

  • Biological and psychological factors
  • Individual behavior and its impact on society
  • International crime statistics
  • Cultural and large group influences (correct)

    • What is a reason for the vast differences in definitions and rates of deviance between nations?

  • Inadequate law enforcement
  • Cultural differences and societal norms (correct)
  • Economic inequality and social support
  • Genetic predisposition to deviant behavior

    • What does the comparison of gun homicide rates in the USA with other western democracies like Canada and Switzerland reveal?

  • The presence of guns is the sole major variable in homicide rates
  • High gun ownership rates lead to high gun homicide rates
  • Extreme levels of economic inequality contribute to high violence levels (correct)
  • Racial minorities are the main cause of high homicide rates

    • What is deviance in sociology?

    <p>Behavior that violates significant social norms and is disapproved of by society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of studying the criminal justice system according to the text?

    <p>To use objective information and an open mind to design a better society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does encountering stigma mean for citizens widely regarded as seriously deviant?

    <p>A mark of social disgrace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sociologists view acts of killing in different social contexts?

    <p>As deviant only when society labels them as such</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a person who never commits a significant deviant act be seen as 'deviant' according to the text?

    <p>They are considered deviant due to their obedience to social rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do sociologists find the concept of deviance to be arbitrary according to the text?

    <p>Because the interpretation of acts varies greatly from culture to culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Differential Association Theory, what is the significance of differential peer associations?

    <p>They can lead individuals into non-conformist behaviors based on their unique influences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did sociologists Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay explain the higher rates of street crime in slum areas in Chicago?

    <p>They linked it to the disorganization, hopelessness, and violence in transitional, poor, and rundown neighborhoods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main message conveyed by the old advertisement mentioned in the text?

    <p>It highlights how running away to freedom as a slave was considered a criminal act before the Civil War.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Emile Durkheim suggest about deviant behavior?

    <p>It should be considered normal to break norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the author's self-report surveys of Criminology students at Central Lakes College reveal?

    <p>High school students commonly report using marijuana.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the Western religious view of deviance?

    <p>It provides a simplistic and counterproductive categorization of people and acts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of crimes are typically associated with low status (poor) persons?

    <p>Street crimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of crime costs the nation the most in damages despite being highly invisible to the public?

    <p>White-collar crimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical cost to the nation of white-collar crimes each year compared to all conventional street crimes?

    <p>$600 billion more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that poor neighborhoods are poorly organized and have fewer successful role models?

    <p>Social Disorganization Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Labeling Theory explain deviance?

    <p>By focusing on the process of being defined as deviant by the legal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, what is the likely consequence of having a felony label for a young arrestee?

    <p>Acceptance of a narrow new identity as their own</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of tobacco-related deaths compared to street homicides?

    <p>Tobacco-related deaths are roughly 20 times higher than all forms of street homicide combined.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action have tobacco executives NOT faced despite their actions?

    <p>Legal prosecution and imprisonment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between deaths related to intentional corporate pollution and conventional street homicides?

    <p>Intentional corporate pollution causes a minor fraction of deaths compared to conventional street homicides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Steven Barkan's comparison of street crime vs. white collar crime?

    <p>To compare the death rates related to street crime and white collar crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of crime was omitted from Steven Barkan's comparison of street crime vs. white collar crime?

    <p>Food industry-related crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action have tobacco executives been accused of doing under oath in Congressional hearings?

    <p>Perjury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text imply about the enforcement of street crimes versus white-collar crimes?

    <p>Street crimes are heavily monitored and prosecuted, while white-collar crimes are not defined as crimes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the information provided, what is the implication regarding the impact of diabetes compared to illegal drugs and car accidents?

    <p>The impact of diabetes is equivalent to that of illegal drugs and car accidents combined.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the portrayal of smoking in movies and its target audience?

    <p>Teens are targeted in movie portrayals of smoking to promote a healthy self-image.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do sociologists suggest that criminalizing consensual behaviors is counter-productive?

    <p>It leads to increased drug availability and cheaper prices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the text suggest that monitoring, imprisonment, or conviction of wealthy violators is rare?

    <p>Because of the lack of resources expended on monitoring and prosecuting wealthy criminals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the text mention the S&L banking scandal and the banking scandals of 2007-9?

    <p>To show a contrast between the consequences faced by wealthy criminals and street criminals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary measure that sociologists suggest using to objectively evaluate the effectiveness of a corrections system?

    <p>The rate of re-arrest and return to incarceration (recidivism)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did CNN's Chief medical reporter Dr. Sanjay Gupta report about the primary source of opioid addiction in the USA?

    <p>Addicts were primarily introduced to opioids by physicians through over-prescription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did reporters discover about the use of $90 million of U.S. drug war funds in Guyana, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>It had mysteriously vanished and little progress was made in combating drug lords</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the latent cultural purpose of the 'corrections' system according to many sociologists?

    <p>Retribution through punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did executions affect the occurrence of homicides in regions where they were publicized?

    <p>Triggered a mild increase in homicides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant observation made about the racial bias in the U.S. criminal justice system?

    <p>Racial bias affects outcomes at nearly every step of the criminal justice process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Thomas Szasz's critique of psychiatry's approach to mental illness?

    <p>Psychiatry used pretentious labels to build scientific respectability around itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sociological model's objection to the religious and psychological models of deviance?

    <p>They focus too much on the individual and overlook defective cultural institutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study in Minnesota reveal about the arrest rates of black citizens compared to white citizens?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested by the text regarding the impact of reducing art and music classes and recess options in schools?

    <p>It increases the likelihood of students being diagnosed with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD/ADHD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are some primary and secondary school students likely to exhibit problematic coping behaviors?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text imply about the consumption of Ritalin by U.S. children compared to children in the rest of the world?

    <p>U.S. children consume significantly more Ritalin than all other students combined</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does Szasz argue that problem behaviors should not be defined as disease?

    <p>Because they are driven by impulses that everyone has, but only some individuals can keep within normal limits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text imply about the impact of institutional design on mental disorders?

    <p>Institutional design plays a significant role in promoting fear, shame, guilt, and other emotions that contribute to mental disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do sociologists suggest that most mental disorders are actually very crude attempts by individuals at coping behaviors?

    <p>Because external stresses from illogical institutional designs threaten to overwhelm individuals and lead them to adopt problematic coping behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of sociology when it comes to addressing problematic and criminal behavior?

    <p>To prioritize prevention through proper institutional support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the reasons that resistance to sociological solutions is traditionally high in the USA, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>The high cost of public education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered as the primary focus for prevention efforts in addressing problematic and criminal behavior according to the text?

    <p>Proper institutional support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the text emphasize redesigning institutions to make individuals happier, healthier, and more comfortable with each other?

    <p>To prioritize prevention over treatment or punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested as being more effective, cheaper, and less likely to be discriminatory when addressing problematic and criminal behavior?

    <p>Prevention through proper institutional support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest is a key aspect of redesigning institutions to address problematic and criminal behavior?

    <p>Making institutions more supportive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sociology view the necessity for proper institutional support in addressing problematic and criminal behavior?

    <p>As a high priority for prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the reasons stated in the text for citizens in the USA resisting sociological solutions?

    <p>Costs of public education are already seen as too expensive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sociology prioritize as a more effective approach in dealing with problematic and criminal behavior?

    <p>Prevention through proper institutional support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Deviance in Sociology

    • Main focus of sociology when studying deviance is to understand the social and cultural norms that define what is considered deviant
    • Definitions and rates of deviance vary greatly between nations due to differences in cultural norms and laws
    • Comparison of gun homicide rates in the USA with other western democracies like Canada and Switzerland reveals a much higher rate in the USA

    Deviance and Crime

    • Deviance refers to behavior that violates social norms and expectations
    • Criminal justice system is studied to understand how society responds to deviance
    • Acts of killing in different social contexts are viewed as varying in deviance, e.g., war vs. street crime

    Labeling Theory and Deviance

    • A person who never commits a significant deviant act can still be labeled as "deviant" due to societal perceptions
    • Sociologists view deviance as arbitrary, as it is shaped by social and cultural norms
    • Labeling Theory explains deviance as a result of societal reactions to behavior, rather than the behavior itself

    Theories of Deviance

    • Differential Association Theory suggests that peer associations influence deviant behavior
    • Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay explained higher rates of street crime in slum areas due to social disorganization
    • Sociologists suggest that criminalizing consensual behaviors is counter-productive and can lead to more harm

    Crime and Society

    • Low-status (poor) persons are typically associated with street crimes
    • White-collar crimes, such as corporate pollution, cost the nation more in damages than conventional street crimes
    • Tobacco-related deaths far outnumber street homicides, yet executives have not faced sufficient action

    Sociological Approach

    • Sociologists prioritize addressing the social and cultural roots of deviance and crime
    • Redesigning institutions to make individuals happier, healthier, and more comfortable with each other is key to addressing problematic behavior
    • Proper institutional support is necessary for addressing deviance and crime

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