Gary Payne Chapter 7 Deviance Quiz Gecko Version

57 Questions

What is the main focus of sociology when studying deviance?

Cultural and large group influences

What is a reason for the vast differences in definitions and rates of deviance between nations?

Cultural differences and societal norms

What does the comparison of gun homicide rates in the USA with other western democracies like Canada and Switzerland reveal?

Extreme levels of economic inequality contribute to high violence levels

What is deviance in sociology?

Behavior that violates significant social norms and is disapproved of by society

What is the purpose of studying the criminal justice system according to the text?

To use objective information and an open mind to design a better society

What does encountering stigma mean for citizens widely regarded as seriously deviant?

A mark of social disgrace

How do sociologists view acts of killing in different social contexts?

As deviant only when society labels them as such

Why might a person who never commits a significant deviant act be seen as 'deviant' according to the text?

They are considered deviant due to their obedience to social rules

Why do sociologists find the concept of deviance to be arbitrary according to the text?

Because the interpretation of acts varies greatly from culture to culture

According to the Differential Association Theory, what is the significance of differential peer associations?

They can lead individuals into non-conformist behaviors based on their unique influences.

How did sociologists Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay explain the higher rates of street crime in slum areas in Chicago?

They linked it to the disorganization, hopelessness, and violence in transitional, poor, and rundown neighborhoods.

What is the main message conveyed by the old advertisement mentioned in the text?

It highlights how running away to freedom as a slave was considered a criminal act before the Civil War.

What did Emile Durkheim suggest about deviant behavior?

It should be considered normal to break norms.

What does the author's self-report surveys of Criminology students at Central Lakes College reveal?

High school students commonly report using marijuana.

What does the text suggest about the Western religious view of deviance?

It provides a simplistic and counterproductive categorization of people and acts.

What type of crimes are typically associated with low status (poor) persons?

Street crimes

Which type of crime costs the nation the most in damages despite being highly invisible to the public?

White-collar crimes

What is the typical cost to the nation of white-collar crimes each year compared to all conventional street crimes?

$600 billion more

Which theory suggests that poor neighborhoods are poorly organized and have fewer successful role models?

Social Disorganization Theory

How does the Labeling Theory explain deviance?

By focusing on the process of being defined as deviant by the legal system

Based on the text, what is the likely consequence of having a felony label for a young arrestee?

Acceptance of a narrow new identity as their own

What is the significance of tobacco-related deaths compared to street homicides?

Tobacco-related deaths are roughly 20 times higher than all forms of street homicide combined.

What action have tobacco executives NOT faced despite their actions?

Legal prosecution and imprisonment

What is the relationship between deaths related to intentional corporate pollution and conventional street homicides?

Intentional corporate pollution causes a minor fraction of deaths compared to conventional street homicides.

What is the main focus of Steven Barkan's comparison of street crime vs. white collar crime?

To compare the death rates related to street crime and white collar crime

What type of crime was omitted from Steven Barkan's comparison of street crime vs. white collar crime?

Food industry-related crime

What action have tobacco executives been accused of doing under oath in Congressional hearings?

Perjury

What does the text imply about the enforcement of street crimes versus white-collar crimes?

Street crimes are heavily monitored and prosecuted, while white-collar crimes are not defined as crimes.

Based on the information provided, what is the implication regarding the impact of diabetes compared to illegal drugs and car accidents?

The impact of diabetes is equivalent to that of illegal drugs and car accidents combined.

What does the text suggest about the portrayal of smoking in movies and its target audience?

Teens are targeted in movie portrayals of smoking to promote a healthy self-image.

Why do sociologists suggest that criminalizing consensual behaviors is counter-productive?

It leads to increased drug availability and cheaper prices.

Why does the text suggest that monitoring, imprisonment, or conviction of wealthy violators is rare?

Because of the lack of resources expended on monitoring and prosecuting wealthy criminals.

Why does the text mention the S&L banking scandal and the banking scandals of 2007-9?

To show a contrast between the consequences faced by wealthy criminals and street criminals.

What is the primary measure that sociologists suggest using to objectively evaluate the effectiveness of a corrections system?

The rate of re-arrest and return to incarceration (recidivism)

What did CNN's Chief medical reporter Dr. Sanjay Gupta report about the primary source of opioid addiction in the USA?

Addicts were primarily introduced to opioids by physicians through over-prescription

What did reporters discover about the use of $90 million of U.S. drug war funds in Guyana, as mentioned in the text?

It had mysteriously vanished and little progress was made in combating drug lords

What is the latent cultural purpose of the 'corrections' system according to many sociologists?

Retribution through punishment

How did executions affect the occurrence of homicides in regions where they were publicized?

Triggered a mild increase in homicides

What is a significant observation made about the racial bias in the U.S. criminal justice system?

Racial bias affects outcomes at nearly every step of the criminal justice process

What was Thomas Szasz's critique of psychiatry's approach to mental illness?

Psychiatry used pretentious labels to build scientific respectability around itself

What is the sociological model's objection to the religious and psychological models of deviance?

They focus too much on the individual and overlook defective cultural institutions

What did the study in Minnesota reveal about the arrest rates of black citizens compared to white citizens?

All of the above

What is suggested by the text regarding the impact of reducing art and music classes and recess options in schools?

It increases the likelihood of students being diagnosed with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD/ADHD)

Why are some primary and secondary school students likely to exhibit problematic coping behaviors?

All of the above

What does the text imply about the consumption of Ritalin by U.S. children compared to children in the rest of the world?

U.S. children consume significantly more Ritalin than all other students combined

Why does Szasz argue that problem behaviors should not be defined as disease?

Because they are driven by impulses that everyone has, but only some individuals can keep within normal limits.

What does the text imply about the impact of institutional design on mental disorders?

Institutional design plays a significant role in promoting fear, shame, guilt, and other emotions that contribute to mental disorders.

Why do sociologists suggest that most mental disorders are actually very crude attempts by individuals at coping behaviors?

Because external stresses from illogical institutional designs threaten to overwhelm individuals and lead them to adopt problematic coping behaviors.

What is the main focus of sociology when it comes to addressing problematic and criminal behavior?

To prioritize prevention through proper institutional support

What is one of the reasons that resistance to sociological solutions is traditionally high in the USA, as mentioned in the text?

The high cost of public education

What is considered as the primary focus for prevention efforts in addressing problematic and criminal behavior according to the text?

Proper institutional support

Why does the text emphasize redesigning institutions to make individuals happier, healthier, and more comfortable with each other?

To prioritize prevention over treatment or punishment

What is suggested as being more effective, cheaper, and less likely to be discriminatory when addressing problematic and criminal behavior?

Prevention through proper institutional support

What does the text suggest is a key aspect of redesigning institutions to address problematic and criminal behavior?

Making institutions more supportive

How does sociology view the necessity for proper institutional support in addressing problematic and criminal behavior?

As a high priority for prevention

What is one of the reasons stated in the text for citizens in the USA resisting sociological solutions?

Costs of public education are already seen as too expensive

What does sociology prioritize as a more effective approach in dealing with problematic and criminal behavior?