University of Ghana Health Sciences Quiz

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Questions and Answers

The enteric nervous system correctly falls under which of the following?

Sensory division of the nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

Somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system (correct)

None of the above

Select the ODD one out:

Subarachnoid

Dura (correct)

Pia

Arachnoid

None of the above is odd

Select the most correct statement from among the following:

Sulci are slimmer furrows on the brain (correct)

Fissures are more extensive sulci (correct)

Sulci divide cerebrum into lobes (correct)

Fissures are numerous than sulci

All of the above

Which cerebral lobe is primarily concerned with personality?

Frontal lobe Signup and view all the answers

The white matter of the brain and spinal cord is largely composed of...

Myelinated axons Signup and view all the answers

The accumulation of CSF in the left lateral ventricle because of impeded outflow is most attributable to...

Occluded cerebral aqueduct Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is responsible for the production of cerebrospinal fluid?

Choroid plexus Signup and view all the answers

In adults, the spinal cord terminates approximately at...

L2 Signup and view all the answers

The ninth pair of cranial nerves is the...

Glossopharyngeal Signup and view all the answers

Select the most accurate statement from among the following:

The posterior part of the spinal cord is afferent while the anterior part is efferent Signup and view all the answers

A major unique characteristic of the endocrine system is the deployment of....

Hormones Signup and view all the answers

The central or core molecule for steroids is...

Cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

The interaction between epinephrine and glucagon is an example of..........type of hormone interaction.

Antagonistic Signup and view all the answers

Acromegaly is a growth anomaly that is attributed to.........gland malfunction.

Pituitary Signup and view all the answers

Pick the ODD one out:

Suprarenal gland Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is correct?

None of the above are correct Signup and view all the answers

Cells of the adrenal zona reticulata are responsible for the production of...

Gonadocorticoids Signup and view all the answers

Chromaffin cells produce...

Both 'A' and 'B' Signup and view all the answers

Pinealocytes are responsible for the production of...

Melatonin Signup and view all the answers

The receptors for hearing are located in the...

Cochlea Signup and view all the answers

The retinal area containing the highest concentration of cones is the...

Fovea centralis Signup and view all the answers

Taste receptors are called...

Taste buds Signup and view all the answers

The olfactory receptor cells are examples of............neurons.

Bipolar Signup and view all the answers

After production, sperm is emptied first into which of these ducts?

Rete testis Signup and view all the answers

The spongy tissue located on the dorsal side of the penis is called what?

Corpus spongiosum Signup and view all the answers

Choose the correct order for the path of sperm from the testes to outside the body.

Epididymis - ductus deferens - ejaculatory duct - penis Signup and view all the answers

What does the prostate gland secrete into the semen?

Alkaline secretion to aid the survival of sperm in the acidic atmosphere of the female reproductive tract. Signup and view all the answers

The primary sex organ in the male is the...

Testis Signup and view all the answers

Infertility could develop when the sperm cells display...

A count of less than 20 million per ml semen Signup and view all the answers

How many oocytes are there in the ovaries of an adult?

400,000 Signup and view all the answers

A cell called the _ _ is a fertilized cell with 46 chromosomes.

Zygote Signup and view all the answers

The inner lining of the vagina is _ _ epithelium.

Stratified squamous Signup and view all the answers

What area experiences the greatest changes in a menstrual cycle?

Endometrium Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most accurate sequence of hormones?

FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone Signup and view all the answers

The utilization of oxygen by metabolic processes is correctly referred to as _ _.

Respiration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a property of the mucous lining of the respiratory tract?

Contains microvilli Signup and view all the answers

C-shaped pieces of cartilage are found within the _ _.

Trachea Signup and view all the answers

The tissue lining the alveoli is _ _ epithelium.

Simple squamous Signup and view all the answers

The pleural cavity is the space between the lung and _ _.

Parietal pleura Signup and view all the answers

The first line of defense against disease-causing organisms is...

The intact skin Signup and view all the answers

Worn-out and damaged red blood cells are destroyed in the...

Spleen Signup and view all the answers

Lymph nodes...

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

The last in the cardiac conduction sequence is the _ _.

Purkinje fibers Signup and view all the answers

The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents a back-flow of blood into the _ _.

Right ventricle Signup and view all the answers

A deep wound to the upper thigh might damage the _ _ artery.

Femoral Signup and view all the answers

Freshly oxygenated blood enters the heart through the _ _ , and is pumped out the _ _ _ _.

Left atrium; aorta Signup and view all the answers

The _ _ _ _ _ has the thickest wall because it pumps blood to the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

Left ventricle; systemic circuit Signup and view all the answers

The _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is/are the components of the circulatory system that transport oxygen as well as carbon dioxide within the body.

Erythrocytes Signup and view all the answers

Deoxygenated blood carried in the vena cava empties into the _ _ _ _ _ _ of the heart.

Right atrium Signup and view all the answers

Choose the blood vessel that does not arise from the aortic arch.

Superior mesenteric artery Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes arteries?

All arteries carry blood away from the heart Signup and view all the answers

The exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues is a major function of:

Capillaries Signup and view all the answers

Which selection includes only accessory digestive organs?

Gallbladder, liver, pancreas, salivary glands Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the wave of muscular contraction that moves material through the GI tract toward the anus?

Peristalsis Signup and view all the answers

Which mesentery covers most of the abdominal organs, extending inferiorly like an apron from the greater curvature of the stomach?

Greater omentum Signup and view all the answers

From deep to superficial, what are the layers of the intraperitoneal portions of the digestive tract?

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the villi in the small intestine?

To increase the surface area for absorption and secretion Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence lists the regions of the large intestine in order, from the end of the ileum to the anus?

Cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal Signup and view all the answers

All of these are functions of the liver EXCEPT:

Production of digestive enzymes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT true about the kidneys?

Each kidney is enclosed in a single renal fascia with the suprarenal gland Signup and view all the answers

Which of these structures is related to the base of the urinary bladder in males?

Seminal vesicles Signup and view all the answers

Urethral catheterization in males is much more difficult than in females because of which one of the following reasons?

The male urethra is longer, narrower and rigid while the female one is shorter, wider and easily dilatable Signup and view all the answers

The urinary system is the principal system responsible for?

Both 'B' and 'C' Signup and view all the answers

Microscopic ______ arise from branches of the interlobular arteries and lead to the glomeruli.

Afferent glomerular arterioles Signup and view all the answers

The following are functions of the integumentary system EXCEPT:

Release of hormones to help enhance bleaching Signup and view all the answers

These cells or structures can be found in the epidermal layer of the skin EXCEPT:

Sebaceous gland Signup and view all the answers

This is another name for the subcutaneous layer.

Hypodermis Signup and view all the answers

The skin covering the sole of the foot is lined by which type of epithelium?

Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium Signup and view all the answers

The Greek word from which the word Anatomy was derived from is?

Anatome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is referred to as the Father of Medicine?

Hippocrates Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following words in Anatomy does not have its root in Arabic?

Nuchal Signup and view all the answers

In the anatomical position, the big toe is __________ to the little toe.

Medial Signup and view all the answers

A reference term in Anatomy where the body is divided into anterior and posterior parts is known as?

Frontal Plane Signup and view all the answers

This Greek philosopher was the first to admit a female into medicine?

Plato Signup and view all the answers

In Anatomic Language, the following pair are correct except:

Wrist - Phalanges Signup and view all the answers

The medial rotation of forearm such that the palm faces posterior is known as?

Pronation Signup and view all the answers

The study of cells, tissues and organs by the use of a microscope is known as?

Histology Signup and view all the answers

The most important reason why you study Anatomy includes all of the following EXCEPT:

It enables one to argue with other health professionals on the ward Signup and view all the answers

The rough ER is so named because it has an abundance of __________ on it.

Ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

Concerning mitochondria, the following statements are true EXCEPT:

They are responsible for converting ATP to GTP Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is not a characteristic of the cell membrane?

It is made up of a phospholipid monolayer. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cell death and renewal is FALSE?

Development involves only cell differentiation and proliferation but not cell death Signup and view all the answers

The __________ of the cell directs its overall activities as well as houses its genetic material.

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue is thin and specialized for the diffusion of gases and ions?

Simple squamous epithelium Signup and view all the answers

The __________ cells are the ones that produce collagen fibers of connective tissues.

Fibroblast Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue has the functions of storing energy, acting as insulation, and protecting organs such as the heart?

Adipose Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelium is adapted to protect underlying tissues from abrasion and friction?

Stratified squamous Signup and view all the answers

Cells in which tissue type are specialized to transmit electrical impulses from one body region to another?

Nervous Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle enables you to pucker your lips when taking a selfie or kissing?

Orbicularis oris Signup and view all the answers

Select the trait that does not characterize muscle tissue in general.

None of these are traits of muscle Signup and view all the answers

Muscles that act to cause similar movements are called?

Synergists Signup and view all the answers

The following statements about muscles are true except?

When asleep, our muscles cease to contract Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is not found in the thigh region?

Gastrocnemius Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is not a normal function of the skeleton?

Storing hemopoietic tissues Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are bones of the thorax EXCEPT:

Vertebra Signup and view all the answers

The pelvic girdle consists of the?

Hip bones Signup and view all the answers

The __________ suture joins the temporal and parietal bones of the skull.

Squamosal Signup and view all the answers

Another name for the wrist bones is?

Carpals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following may be grouped together with respect to functions of the nervous system?

i, ii, iii and iv Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Digestive System

Accessory digestive organs include salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
Peristalsis is the wave-like muscular contraction that moves material through the GI tract.
The greater omentum extends inferiorly from the greater curvature of the stomach, covering abdominal organs.
Layers of the intraperitoneal digestive tract from deep to superficial: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.
Villi in the small intestine increase surface area for absorption and secretion.
The order of the large intestine regions from ileum to anus: cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal.
Liver functions include biotransformation, glycogen storage, bile synthesis, but not production of digestive enzymes.

Kidney Structure and Function

Each kidney typically has one renal artery and is retroperitoneal (behind the peritoneum).
The lateral border of each kidney is convex; renal fascia encloses the kidney and suprarenal gland.
Afferent glomerular arterioles arise from interlobular arteries and lead to glomeruli.

Integumentary System

The integumentary system functions in temperature regulation, protection, touch perception, and vitamin D synthesis, but does not release hormones for bleaching.

Skin Anatomy

Structures found in the epidermal layer include keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells, but not sebaceous glands.
The subcutaneous layer is also known as the hypodermis.
The skin on the sole of the foot is lined by stratified squamous keratinized epithelium.

Historical Terms and Figures in Medicine

The word "Anatomy" derives from the Greek "Anatome."
Hippocrates is regarded as the Father of Medicine, the first to admit women into medicine was Herophilus.
Anatomical terms derived from Arabic include nuchal, cephalic, saphenus, but "retina" does not.

Anatomical Position and Planes

In the anatomical position, the big toe is medial to the little toe.
The frontal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Cellular Biology

Cell death and renewal involve a balance of cell death and proliferation; development includes cell differentiation, proliferation, and death.
The nucleus directs cell activities and houses genetic material.

Types of Tissue

Simple squamous epithelium is specialized for gas and ion diffusion.
Fibroblast cells produce collagen fibers in connective tissues.
Adipose tissue stores energy, provides insulation, and protects organs.

Muscle Types and Functions

Muscle tissue characteristics include irritability, contractility, and extensibility.
Skeletal muscles connect to bones via tendons, smooth muscles are located in hollow organs, and cardiac muscles function involuntarily.
Muscles acting for similar movements are called synergists, while antagonists produce opposite actions.

Skeletal System

The skeleton's functions include mineral storage, tissue protection, and hematopoiesis.
Thoracic bones include the sternum, true ribs, false ribs, but not the clavicle.
The pelvic girdle consists of hip bones.

Nervous System

Functions of the nervous system include sensing stimuli like feeling a breeze or hearing a whisper.
The enteric nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system.

Brain Anatomy

Sulci are grooves, while fissures are deeper separations in the brain structure.
The frontal lobe is associated with personality.

Additional Concepts

The white matter in the brain predominantly consists of myelinated axons.
Changes in muscle function can involve contraction, heat production, and the activity of different types of muscle fibers.### Cerebrospinal Fluid and Ventricular System
Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the left lateral ventricle indicates impaired outflow, often due to an occluded cerebral aqueduct or blocked interventricular foramen.
The major producer of cerebrospinal fluid is the choroid plexus, composed of ependymal cells.

Spinal Cord and Cranial Nerves

In adults, the spinal cord typically terminates around the L2 vertebra.
The ninth pair of cranial nerves is known as the glossopharyngeal nerve.

Spinal Cord Functions

The posterior part of the spinal cord primarily handles afferent (sensory) functions while the anterior part is responsible for efferent (motor) functions.

Endocrine System Characteristics

The endocrine system operates mainly through hormones, which function as chemical messengers in the body.

Steroid Production

Cholesterol serves as the core molecule for steroid production in the body.

Hormonal Interactions

The relationship between epinephrine and glucagon is an example of antagonistic hormone interaction.

Growth Hormone Disorders

Acromegaly is linked to pituitary gland malfunction, leading to excessive growth.

Hormonal Classification

Hormones can be classified by their specific functions and interactions, such as gonadotropins and growth hormones.

Calcitonin Functions

Calcitonin is produced by the thyroid gland and works to lower blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity.

Adrenal Gland Hormones

The adrenal zona reticulata produces gonadocorticoids, contributing to sex hormone regulation.
Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla are responsible for producing catecholamines like adrenaline.

Sensory Receptors

Hearing receptors are located in the cochlea, while taste receptors are known as taste buds or gustatory receptors.
Olfactory receptor cells are classified as bipolar neurons, responsible for the sense of smell.

Male Reproductive System

Sperm is first emptied into the rete testis after production. It then travels through the efferent ductules to the epididymis.
The prostate gland secretes an alkaline fluid to enhance sperm survival in the female reproductive tract.

Female Reproductive System

Adult females have approximately 400,000 oocytes.
The inner lining of the vagina consists of stratified squamous epithelium.

Hormone Sequence in Menstrual Cycle

The correct hormone sequence during the menstrual cycle typically follows FSH, estrogen, LH, and then progesterone.

Respiratory System Function

The primary function of the respiratory tract's mucous lining includes warming, cleansing, and moistening incoming air.
The lining of the alveoli is composed of simple squamous epithelium, facilitating gas exchange.

Lymphatic and Cardiovascular Systems

Lymph nodes help filter lymph and are important in the immune response.
Oxygenated blood enters the heart through the left atrium and is pumped out via the aorta.
Deoxygenated blood from the vena cava enters the right atrium.

Blood Vessel Anatomy

C-shaped cartilage structures are present in the trachea, maintaining airway integrity.
Capillaries are critical for gas and nutrient exchange between blood and tissues, distinguished from arteries and veins.

Summary of Key Facts

The left ventricle can become enlarged due to CSF accumulation.
Hormones, particularly from the pituitary gland, are crucial for growth regulation and reproductive functions.
Understanding the location and role of sensory receptors assists in grasping human physiology comprehensively.

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