Questions and Answers
The enteric nervous system correctly falls under which of the following?
Select the ODD one out:
Select the most correct statement from among the following:
Which cerebral lobe is primarily concerned with personality?
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The white matter of the brain and spinal cord is largely composed of...
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The accumulation of CSF in the left lateral ventricle because of impeded outflow is most attributable to...
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Which of the following is responsible for the production of cerebrospinal fluid?
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In adults, the spinal cord terminates approximately at...
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The ninth pair of cranial nerves is the...
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Select the most accurate statement from among the following:
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A major unique characteristic of the endocrine system is the deployment of....
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The central or core molecule for steroids is...
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The interaction between epinephrine and glucagon is an example of..........type of hormone interaction.
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Acromegaly is a growth anomaly that is attributed to.........gland malfunction.
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Pick the ODD one out:
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Which of the following statements is correct?
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Cells of the adrenal zona reticulata are responsible for the production of...
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Chromaffin cells produce...
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Pinealocytes are responsible for the production of...
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The receptors for hearing are located in the...
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The retinal area containing the highest concentration of cones is the...
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Taste receptors are called...
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The olfactory receptor cells are examples of............neurons.
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After production, sperm is emptied first into which of these ducts?
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The spongy tissue located on the dorsal side of the penis is called what?
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Choose the correct order for the path of sperm from the testes to outside the body.
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What does the prostate gland secrete into the semen?
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The primary sex organ in the male is the...
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Infertility could develop when the sperm cells display...
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How many oocytes are there in the ovaries of an adult?
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A cell called the _ _ is a fertilized cell with 46 chromosomes.
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The inner lining of the vagina is _ _ epithelium.
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What area experiences the greatest changes in a menstrual cycle?
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Which of the following is the most accurate sequence of hormones?
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The utilization of oxygen by metabolic processes is correctly referred to as _ _.
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Which of the following is not a property of the mucous lining of the respiratory tract?
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C-shaped pieces of cartilage are found within the _ _.
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The tissue lining the alveoli is _ _ epithelium.
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The pleural cavity is the space between the lung and _ _.
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The first line of defense against disease-causing organisms is...
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Worn-out and damaged red blood cells are destroyed in the...
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Lymph nodes...
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The last in the cardiac conduction sequence is the _ _.
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The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents a back-flow of blood into the _ _.
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A deep wound to the upper thigh might damage the _ _ artery.
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Freshly oxygenated blood enters the heart through the _ _ , and is pumped out the _ _ _ _.
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The _ _ _ _ _ has the thickest wall because it pumps blood to the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
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The _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is/are the components of the circulatory system that transport oxygen as well as carbon dioxide within the body.
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Deoxygenated blood carried in the vena cava empties into the _ _ _ _ _ _ of the heart.
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Choose the blood vessel that does not arise from the aortic arch.
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Which of the following statements best describes arteries?
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The exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues is a major function of:
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Which selection includes only accessory digestive organs?
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Which term describes the wave of muscular contraction that moves material through the GI tract toward the anus?
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Which mesentery covers most of the abdominal organs, extending inferiorly like an apron from the greater curvature of the stomach?
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From deep to superficial, what are the layers of the intraperitoneal portions of the digestive tract?
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What is the function of the villi in the small intestine?
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Which sequence lists the regions of the large intestine in order, from the end of the ileum to the anus?
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All of these are functions of the liver EXCEPT:
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Which of the following is NOT true about the kidneys?
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Which of these structures is related to the base of the urinary bladder in males?
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Urethral catheterization in males is much more difficult than in females because of which one of the following reasons?
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The urinary system is the principal system responsible for?
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Microscopic ______ arise from branches of the interlobular arteries and lead to the glomeruli.
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The following are functions of the integumentary system EXCEPT:
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These cells or structures can be found in the epidermal layer of the skin EXCEPT:
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This is another name for the subcutaneous layer.
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The skin covering the sole of the foot is lined by which type of epithelium?
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The Greek word from which the word Anatomy was derived from is?
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Which of the following is referred to as the Father of Medicine?
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Which of the following words in Anatomy does not have its root in Arabic?
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In the anatomical position, the big toe is __________ to the little toe.
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A reference term in Anatomy where the body is divided into anterior and posterior parts is known as?
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This Greek philosopher was the first to admit a female into medicine?
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In Anatomic Language, the following pair are correct except:
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The medial rotation of forearm such that the palm faces posterior is known as?
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The study of cells, tissues and organs by the use of a microscope is known as?
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The most important reason why you study Anatomy includes all of the following EXCEPT:
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The rough ER is so named because it has an abundance of __________ on it.
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Concerning mitochondria, the following statements are true EXCEPT:
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Which feature is not a characteristic of the cell membrane?
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Which of the following statements about cell death and renewal is FALSE?
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The __________ of the cell directs its overall activities as well as houses its genetic material.
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Which tissue is thin and specialized for the diffusion of gases and ions?
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The __________ cells are the ones that produce collagen fibers of connective tissues.
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Which tissue has the functions of storing energy, acting as insulation, and protecting organs such as the heart?
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Which type of epithelium is adapted to protect underlying tissues from abrasion and friction?
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Cells in which tissue type are specialized to transmit electrical impulses from one body region to another?
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Which muscle enables you to pucker your lips when taking a selfie or kissing?
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Select the trait that does not characterize muscle tissue in general.
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Muscles that act to cause similar movements are called?
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The following statements about muscles are true except?
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Which of the following muscles is not found in the thigh region?
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Which of these is not a normal function of the skeleton?
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All of the following are bones of the thorax EXCEPT:
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The pelvic girdle consists of the?
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The __________ suture joins the temporal and parietal bones of the skull.
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Another name for the wrist bones is?
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Which of the following may be grouped together with respect to functions of the nervous system?
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Study Notes
Digestive System
- Accessory digestive organs include salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
- Peristalsis is the wave-like muscular contraction that moves material through the GI tract.
- The greater omentum extends inferiorly from the greater curvature of the stomach, covering abdominal organs.
- Layers of the intraperitoneal digestive tract from deep to superficial: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.
- Villi in the small intestine increase surface area for absorption and secretion.
- The order of the large intestine regions from ileum to anus: cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal.
- Liver functions include biotransformation, glycogen storage, bile synthesis, but not production of digestive enzymes.
Kidney Structure and Function
- Each kidney typically has one renal artery and is retroperitoneal (behind the peritoneum).
- The lateral border of each kidney is convex; renal fascia encloses the kidney and suprarenal gland.
- Afferent glomerular arterioles arise from interlobular arteries and lead to glomeruli.
Integumentary System
- The integumentary system functions in temperature regulation, protection, touch perception, and vitamin D synthesis, but does not release hormones for bleaching.
Skin Anatomy
- Structures found in the epidermal layer include keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells, but not sebaceous glands.
- The subcutaneous layer is also known as the hypodermis.
- The skin on the sole of the foot is lined by stratified squamous keratinized epithelium.
Historical Terms and Figures in Medicine
- The word "Anatomy" derives from the Greek "Anatome."
- Hippocrates is regarded as the Father of Medicine, the first to admit women into medicine was Herophilus.
- Anatomical terms derived from Arabic include nuchal, cephalic, saphenus, but "retina" does not.
Anatomical Position and Planes
- In the anatomical position, the big toe is medial to the little toe.
- The frontal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
Cellular Biology
- Cell death and renewal involve a balance of cell death and proliferation; development includes cell differentiation, proliferation, and death.
- The nucleus directs cell activities and houses genetic material.
Types of Tissue
- Simple squamous epithelium is specialized for gas and ion diffusion.
- Fibroblast cells produce collagen fibers in connective tissues.
- Adipose tissue stores energy, provides insulation, and protects organs.
Muscle Types and Functions
- Muscle tissue characteristics include irritability, contractility, and extensibility.
- Skeletal muscles connect to bones via tendons, smooth muscles are located in hollow organs, and cardiac muscles function involuntarily.
- Muscles acting for similar movements are called synergists, while antagonists produce opposite actions.
Skeletal System
- The skeleton's functions include mineral storage, tissue protection, and hematopoiesis.
- Thoracic bones include the sternum, true ribs, false ribs, but not the clavicle.
- The pelvic girdle consists of hip bones.
Nervous System
- Functions of the nervous system include sensing stimuli like feeling a breeze or hearing a whisper.
- The enteric nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system.
Brain Anatomy
- Sulci are grooves, while fissures are deeper separations in the brain structure.
- The frontal lobe is associated with personality.
Additional Concepts
- The white matter in the brain predominantly consists of myelinated axons.
- Changes in muscle function can involve contraction, heat production, and the activity of different types of muscle fibers.### Cerebrospinal Fluid and Ventricular System
- Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the left lateral ventricle indicates impaired outflow, often due to an occluded cerebral aqueduct or blocked interventricular foramen.
- The major producer of cerebrospinal fluid is the choroid plexus, composed of ependymal cells.
Spinal Cord and Cranial Nerves
- In adults, the spinal cord typically terminates around the L2 vertebra.
- The ninth pair of cranial nerves is known as the glossopharyngeal nerve.
Spinal Cord Functions
- The posterior part of the spinal cord primarily handles afferent (sensory) functions while the anterior part is responsible for efferent (motor) functions.
Endocrine System Characteristics
- The endocrine system operates mainly through hormones, which function as chemical messengers in the body.
Steroid Production
- Cholesterol serves as the core molecule for steroid production in the body.
Hormonal Interactions
- The relationship between epinephrine and glucagon is an example of antagonistic hormone interaction.
Growth Hormone Disorders
- Acromegaly is linked to pituitary gland malfunction, leading to excessive growth.
Hormonal Classification
- Hormones can be classified by their specific functions and interactions, such as gonadotropins and growth hormones.
Calcitonin Functions
- Calcitonin is produced by the thyroid gland and works to lower blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity.
Adrenal Gland Hormones
- The adrenal zona reticulata produces gonadocorticoids, contributing to sex hormone regulation.
- Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla are responsible for producing catecholamines like adrenaline.
Sensory Receptors
- Hearing receptors are located in the cochlea, while taste receptors are known as taste buds or gustatory receptors.
- Olfactory receptor cells are classified as bipolar neurons, responsible for the sense of smell.
Male Reproductive System
- Sperm is first emptied into the rete testis after production. It then travels through the efferent ductules to the epididymis.
- The prostate gland secretes an alkaline fluid to enhance sperm survival in the female reproductive tract.
Female Reproductive System
- Adult females have approximately 400,000 oocytes.
- The inner lining of the vagina consists of stratified squamous epithelium.
Hormone Sequence in Menstrual Cycle
- The correct hormone sequence during the menstrual cycle typically follows FSH, estrogen, LH, and then progesterone.
Respiratory System Function
- The primary function of the respiratory tract's mucous lining includes warming, cleansing, and moistening incoming air.
- The lining of the alveoli is composed of simple squamous epithelium, facilitating gas exchange.
Lymphatic and Cardiovascular Systems
- Lymph nodes help filter lymph and are important in the immune response.
- Oxygenated blood enters the heart through the left atrium and is pumped out via the aorta.
- Deoxygenated blood from the vena cava enters the right atrium.
Blood Vessel Anatomy
- C-shaped cartilage structures are present in the trachea, maintaining airway integrity.
- Capillaries are critical for gas and nutrient exchange between blood and tissues, distinguished from arteries and veins.
Summary of Key Facts
- The left ventricle can become enlarged due to CSF accumulation.
- Hormones, particularly from the pituitary gland, are crucial for growth regulation and reproductive functions.
- Understanding the location and role of sensory receptors assists in grasping human physiology comprehensively.
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