University of Ghana Academic Integrity Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of a theory in research?

  • To show the connection between variables and hypotheses (correct)
  • To create a visual representation of findings
  • To summarize the research findings
  • To provide a statistical analysis of data

According to Chukwuemeka, how is theory defined?

  • A set of guidelines for data interpretation
  • An organized group of propositions describing an occurrence (correct)
  • A comprehensive analysis of data
  • A method for collecting qualitative data

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a type of theory in public administration?

  • Scientific management theory
  • Theory of bureaucracy
  • Behavioral theories
  • Cognitive theory (correct)

What is the role of theories in understanding social issues?

<p>To aid in comprehending and explaining phenomena (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do theories assist in the research process according to Onuoha?

<p>By shaping our perception of reality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the abstract nature of theory imply about its existence?

<p>It does not diminish its significance and importance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to understand theories in problem-solving?

<p>They shape our understanding of various concepts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Encarta define theory as?

<p>A set of assumptions for explaining phenomena (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does plagiarism involve?

<p>Representing someone else's work as your own. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will happen if a student is found guilty of plagiarism?

<p>Sanctions will be applied as per the Plagiarism Policy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many interim assessments will students take?

<p>Three interim assessments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is the first interim assessment scheduled?

<p>14th December 2024. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the grading scale?

<p>It can be altered at the instructors' discretion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should students with special needs do?

<p>Make arrangements with the Office of Students with Special Needs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct number of points for the final examination?

<p>40 points. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where can students reach the Office of Students with Special Needs?

<p>Via social media and designated phone numbers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the key elements of W.A. Lewis's development strategy?

<p>Industrialization financed by foreign capital (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factors were identified as barriers to development in the 1960's?

<p>Sociological, psychological, and political factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Lewis view the traditional and modern sectors of the economy?

<p>As co-existing and evolving towards equilibrium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change in societal attitudes was considered important for development transitions?

<p>Shifts in empathy or the need for achievement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What model was applied to underdeveloped regions in the late 1940s?

<p>The Harrod-Domar model (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Modernization Theory emerge as a response to?

<p>Development economics from other social sciences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Lewis associate with the concept of unlimited labor supply?

<p>Zero marginal productivity in agriculture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key characteristic of the emerging paradigm in development thinking?

<p>An emphasis on a simple growth equation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of a scientific theory?

<p>To aid understanding of facts or reality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does theorizing contribute to solving social problems?

<p>By explaining and predicting phenomena (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Kerlinger, what does a theory consist of?

<p>Interrelated constructs, definitions, and propositions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should precede practical application in the research sequence?

<p>A theorizing exercise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a theory provide in the context of research and education?

<p>Centralized and generalized functions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a result of the theorizing exercise?

<p>Conceptualization and modeling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does empirical data play in the application of a scientific theory?

<p>It helps validate the theory through observation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between theory and practice?

<p>Theory informs and guides practice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of indicators in research?

<p>To justify or nullify the existence of concepts and variables (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between variables and hypotheses?

<p>Every variable leads to the formulation of hypotheses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do concepts and variables require to validate their existence?

<p>Real-world indicators (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of research, which of the following is the function of a theory?

<p>To unify concepts, variables, hypotheses, and models (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT an indicator of the concept of motivation?

<p>High turnover rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example best illustrates indicators of a social issue?

<p>Low life span and high death rate for poverty (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to variables that lack indicators in research?

<p>They are generally considered void or unmeasurable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of a model within research?

<p>To represent relationships among concepts and variables (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory was popularized by Northrup in 1989 to explain intractable conflicts?

<p>Intractable Conflict Theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Frustration-Aggression Theory primarily explain?

<p>Socio-economic violence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory is not applicable to Boko Haram insurgency and Fulani herdsmen terrorism according to the content?

<p>Resource Curse Theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized about the application of theories in social science?

<p>Theories can be used across various fields. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with applying general system theory to political science?

<p>David Easton (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fields is mentioned as part of the interdisciplinary nature of social science?

<p>Public Administration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist's work relates to the application of system theory in sociology?

<p>Niklas Luhmann (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the theories discussed in the content?

<p>They are discipline-specific. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Academic Integrity?

Academic Integrity is behaving honestly and ethically in academic endeavors. It means avoiding plagiarism and cheating, upholding the principles of honesty, fairness, and respect for intellectual property.

Plagiarism

Plagiarism is presenting someone else's work as your own, without giving credit to the original author. This includes copying text, ideas, images, or any other material without proper attribution.

Cheating

Cheating involves engaging in dishonest actions during assessments or academic activities to gain an unfair advantage. This can include using unauthorized assistance, submitting work not your own, falsifying data, or engaging in other deceptive practices.

University of Ghana Plagiarism Policy

The University of Ghana has a strict plagiarism policy that outlines the consequences for students found guilty of plagiarism, which can include disciplinary actions, grade reduction, or expulsion.

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What is Development Theory?

Development theory explores the causes, processes, and outcomes of development. It examines how societies evolve and change over time, often focusing on economic growth, social progress, and technological advancements.

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What does the OSSN do?

The Office of Students with Special Needs (OSSN) at the University of Ghana provides support and resources for students with disabilities or special needs, ensuring they have access to necessary accommodations and adjustments.

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What does the UG Careers and Counselling Centre do?

The UG Careers and Counselling Centre offers guidance and support services to students, including counseling, career planning advice, and resources for personal and academic well-being.

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How is the course assessed?

The course will be assessed through a combination of three interim assessments and a final examination, covering various topics and concepts related to the subject matter.

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Theory

The end product of a theorizing exercise, tested and accepted as valid in explaining and predicting phenomena. It enhances understanding and problem-solving in society.

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Theorizing

The process of developing a theory by searching for solutions to social problems.

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Conceptualization, modeling, and hypothesizing

The results of theorizing, which leads to developing concepts, models, and hypotheses.

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Practice

The practical application of knowledge derived from theory, including solutions to real-world problems.

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Theory as a skeletal framework

The central idea that theory is the foundation for research and learning in social sciences.

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Practical Application of Theory

The application of knowledge gained from theory to solve problems in the real world.

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Goal of a Theory

The goal of clarifying a phenomenon that happened, considering the problems it generated or may generate.

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Purpose of Scientific Theory

The primary aim of scientific theory is to enhance the understanding of facts or reality.

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What is a theory?

A group of connected propositions that explain a specific phenomenon. It's used to understand, describe, and predict events.

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What are underlying assumptions?

They are fundamental assumptions or beliefs that guide scientific research and interpretation. They often serve as the foundation for developing theories.

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How do theories support research?

Theories help to verify and validate the findings of research by connecting variables and proving or disproving hypotheses.

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Why are theories important in social sciences?

Theories are essential for understanding the complex realities of social sciences.

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How do theories help solve real-world problems?

Theories are not only concepts but also tools that can actively solve real-world problems.

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How do theories influence our understanding of the world?

Theories influence our understanding of the world, shaping our perceptions, values, and actions.

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How are theories applied in public administration?

Theories are used to explain and understand different aspects of public administration, such as bureaucracy, management, and human relations.

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How do theories aid in understanding specific fields of study?

Theories provide a structured approach to understanding and explaining various concepts and realities within specific fields of study.

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What are Concepts in research?

Concepts are the building blocks of research, representing abstract ideas or themes that are explored in a study.

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What are Variables in research?

Variables are measurable aspects of a concept that can change or vary within a study.

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What are Indicators in research?

Indicators are specific, quantifiable measures that provide evidence for the existence or level of a concept or variable.

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What are Hypotheses in research?

Hypotheses are testable predictions about the relationship between variables, often stated as a cause-and-effect statement.

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What are Models in research?

A model provides a simplified representation of a complex phenomenon, showing how different variables interact.

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What are Theories in research?

A theory explains a broad range of phenomena, providing a framework for understanding how concepts and variables relate to each other.

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How do concepts, variables, and indicators relate?

Every research topic has underlying concepts, concepts are broken down into variables, and variables are measured with indicators.

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Why are indicators important?

The provability of indicators is essential to validating the reality and significance of the concepts and variables in a research study.

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Lewis's Development Strategy

A model of development where a traditional sector with surplus labor transitions to a modern, industrialized sector, fueled by foreign investment.

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Dualism in Development

The idea that a traditional sector with zero marginal productivity in labor coexists with a modern sector, eventually merging due to economic forces.

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Non-Economic Factors in Development

Barriers to development are rooted in social, psychological, and political factors within the traditional sector.

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Modernization Theory

The concept that development requires shifts in attitudes, values, and institutions alongside economic growth.

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Need for Achievement

A key idea in Modernization Theory, referring to a change in mindset towards achievement, ambition, and progress.

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Social & Political Institutions in Modernization

Modernization Theory's emphasis on the role of social and political structures in enabling development.

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Harrod-Domar Model

A simple model explaining economic growth as a function of savings and capital accumulation.

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Interdisciplinary Broadening of Development Theory

The shift of development economics from solely focusing on economic factors to embracing social, political, and psychological aspects.

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Frustration-Aggression Theory

Explains how frustration or unmet needs can lead to aggression, often seen in social conflicts over resources.

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Relative Deprivation Theory

This theory suggests that people feel deprived when they compare their situation to others and feel they're getting less.

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Intractable Conflict Theory

Focuses on conflicts that are difficult to resolve, often due to deep-rooted differences or mistrust. Examples include violence over resources.

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Resource Curse Theory

A theory that examines how the abundance of natural resources, like minerals, can paradoxically lead to underdevelopment and conflict.

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Interdisciplinary Nature of Social Science

The idea that theories can be applied to explain and analyze various social phenomena, crossing different disciplines.

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Theory Application Across Disciplines

When a theory developed in one field, like psychology, can be used to explain phenomena in other fields, like politics or economics.

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Practice as the Application of Theory

The application of theoretical knowledge to solve real-world problems.

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Study Notes

Academic Integrity and Plagiarism

  • Adhere to the highest standards of academic integrity
  • Avoid plagiarism (representing others' work as your own) and all dishonest conduct
  • Follow the University of Ghana's Plagiarism Policy (accessible via given URL).

Support and Counselling Services

  • Students with special needs should contact the Office of Students with Special Needs (OSSN) for accommodations
  • OSSN contact information:
    • Phone: 0554663502
    • WhatsApp: 0276121467
    • Facebook: (link provided)
  • For counselling, contact the UG Careers and Counselling Centre:
    • Phone: 024 594 5752

Assessment and Grading

  • Three interim assessments and one final examination on Sakai LMS
  • First interim assessment (30 points) on December 14, 2024, covering Week 2 material
  • Second interim assessment (30 points) - date to be determined
  • Final examination (40 points) - date to be communicated by Academic Affairs Directorate
  • Refer to the University of Ghana undergraduate handbook for grading scale
  • Instructors retain the right to adjust the course outline; any changes will be announced

Course Delivery Schedule - Week 1 & 2

  • Week 1: Course overview
  • Week 2: "Theory" and the notion of development
    • Key readings:
      • Dayal & Jha (2020), "What is Political Theory?" (eGyanKosh)
      • Chijioke et al. (2021), "Understanding Theory in Social Science Research"
      • Hettne (1983), "The Development of Development Theory"
      • Kumar (2016), "Development - The Story of an Idea"

Theory as a Concept in Social Sciences

  • Theory is a product of theorizing and is tested publicly to gain acceptance for explaining and predicting phenomena, and solving societal problems
  • Theoretical research aims to discover solutions to social problems which in turn lead to conceptualization, modelling, and hypothesis generation
  • Hypotheses are tested through empirical data collection to identify causality and effect relationships – this process of application is known as practice
  • Theory forms the framework for research in social science
  • Theory contributes to the body of knowledge in research, teaching, and learning
  • Theory clarifies events while considering the problems they create or may create. Aim is understanding facts or reality
  • Kerlinger (1973) defines theory as interrelated constructs, definitions, and propositions that offer a systematic overview of phenomena, specifying connections amidst variables (seeking explanation and prediction)
  • Obasi (1999) describes theory as a group of related empirical generalizations or verified relationships between facts/variables
  • Theorizing enables us to connect various variables within a research project aimed at proving or disproving hypotheses and answering research questions
  • Theory functions as a window or lens, verifying and validating underlying research assumptions
  • Theory is presented as a group of harmonized propositions
  • Theory aides comprehending, describing, and predicting various occurrences
  • Theory is utilized in various aspects of life regardless of formal knowledge of theory
  • Theory, as an abstract concept, is crucial to shaping world views
  • Onuoha (2008) views theory as a lens for perception, emphasizing its importance in understanding phenomena
  • Theories shape environments and their application aids problem-solving
  • Encarta (2009) defines theory as a system of assumptions, principles, and procedures based on limited information.

Importance of Theory in Learning and Practice

  • Social sciences are inherently connected to various theories for insights into societal realities
  • Theories exist in different disciplines (e.g., public administration, bureaucracy, scientific management, general systems, behavioral theories, human relations).
  • Theories address significant concepts in various domains

Concepts, Variables, Hypotheses, Models, and Indicators

  • Research topics contain concepts
  • Concepts consist of variables
  • Variables generate hypotheses
  • Hypotheses can affirm or negate variables
  • Models generally derive from theories
  • Theories encompass scattered concepts, variables, hypotheses, and models to provide explanations and predictions
  • Indicators confirm the presence of concepts & variables. These are observable, measurable components of reality
  • Absence of indicators suggests the nonexistence of the concept.
  • Indicators are also known as indices (e.g., United Nations).

Examples of Theories and Their Application

  • Frustration-Aggression theory (Dollard et al., 1939): Explains social and political conflicts
  • Relative Deprivation theory (Stouffer): Explains conflicts
  • Intractable Conflict theory (Northrup, 1989): Explains conflicts
  • Resource Curse theory: Explains Conflicts
  • Theories like those listed above can analyze Boko Haram insurgency and Fulani herdsmen terrorism in Nigeria depending on arguments.
  • W.A. Lewis's model (1954): A strategy for development in economies with abundant labor; industrialization is the key to development
  • Modernization theory: This theory shifts from economic models to include societal change aspects

Additional points:

  • Theorizing about development led to an interdisciplinary approach including sociological, psychological, and political factors
  • Development theory underwent transitions and modifications over time (e.g. the Harrod-Domar model)
  • Modernisation theory emerged as a significant response from other social science fields, notably sociology

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This quiz covers essential aspects of academic integrity, focusing on plagiarism policies and support services for students in the University of Ghana. It also includes information on assessment methods and grading policies. Prepare to reaffirm your understanding of academic honesty and available resources.

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