Universal Declaration of Human Rights Overview

Rights related to interaction with the government; ensuring fair treatment under the law, regardless of group affiliation.

Fundamental rights shared by all individuals, relating to interactions with each other.

Methods used to deny voting rights, requiring specific reading and writing abilities, disproportionately applied to minority groups in the US and South Africa.

Basic rights inherent to all individuals, outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), including the right to life, liberty, and security of person.

The principle that all individuals are treated equally under the law, regardless of their background. A pillar of justice systems, promoting fairness and consistency.

A system of racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa.

A political organization in South Africa that fought against apartheid.

A prominent figure in the fight against apartheid and a leader of the African National Congress.

The right to communicate one's thoughts and ideas freely without censorship or restriction.

The right of people to gather peacefully.

A legal concept where a school takes on the role of parents regarding the care and supervision of students.

Fundamental rights guaranteed by a country's constitution.

The right to have a lawyer during an arrest or legal proceeding.

Special permission or right, often granted by a governing body.

The legal ability to move around freely.

The right to not answer questions or give testimony against oneself.

A legal decision that serves as an example and guideline for future similar cases.

A fundamental change in a way of thinking or understanding something.

Fundamental rights or freedoms that cannot be taken away

To treat a person differently based on a specific characteristic.

A legal burden of proof placed on the defendant to prove their innocence, instead of the prosecution needing to prove their guilt.

A legal test used in Canada to determine if a law limiting Charter rights is justified. It assesses the pressing and substantial objective, proportionality, and minimal impairment.

The law must have a pressing and substantial objective, meaning it must address a serious societal concern.

A part of the Oakes Test, checking if the law is proportionate to its objective. It has three parts: rational connection, minimal impairment, and proportionality.

A part of the Proportionality Test, ensuring a logical and direct connection between the law's limitation of Charter rights and its objective.

A part of the Proportionality Test, ensuring the law limits Charter rights as little as possible, only to the necessary extent to achieve its objective.

A part of the Proportionality Test, ensuring the law's negative effects on Charter rights are proportional to the benefits it provides, achieving the objective.

A crime motivated by hatred, prejudice, or intolerance towards a particular group, often based on race, religion, or sexual orientation.

A Canadian Supreme Court case where a teacher's anti-Semitic and Holocaust-denying statements were deemed hate speech, illustrating the limits of freedom of expression.