Universal Darwinism by Richard Dawkins
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Questions and Answers

According to universal Darwinism, what is required for natural selection to operate on replicators?

  • Perfect copying process
  • No errors in replication
  • Less than perfect copying process (correct)
  • Lack of variants

    • What is a common characteristic of genes and memes?

  • They are both subject to natural selection (correct)
  • They are both found only in humans
  • They are both newly discovered concepts
  • They are both physical entities

    • What is a possible outcome of memes competing for replication?

  • The elimination of all memes
  • The coexistence of all memes
  • The emergence of a single dominant meme (correct)
  • The creation of new genes

    • What is an example of a meme, according to Dawkins' concept?

    <p>A unit of cultural transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which memes spread from person to person?

    <p>Social learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between genes and memes?

    <p>Genes are physical, while memes are not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind the concept of memetics?

    <p>That memes are subject to natural selection, favoring those that are good at replicating themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a 'selfish' cultural element, according to the text?

    <p>To replicate itself and pass on to others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate function of a cultural entity or institution, according to the text?

    <p>To replicate itself, whether it benefits us or not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between 'selfish' cultural artifacts and most cultural products?

    <p>Their usefulness to society and the individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the concept that Richard Dawkins coined in his book 'The Selfish Gene'?

    <p>Meme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a 'meme' given in the text?

    <p>A recipe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of a meme that shortens its bearer's life?

    <p>It is less likely to be spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible way for a meme to boost its chances of spreading?

    <p>By promoting the bearer's reproductive success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do religions that proselytize tend to have more adherents than those that don't?

    <p>Because they are more likely to spread the meme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of proselytizing, according to the text?

    <p>To spread the meme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest is the mechanism by which children tend to inherit the belief systems of their parents?

    <p>Through cultural inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the analogy drawn in the text between the evolution of genes and the evolution of memes?

    <p>Sex is to genes as proselytizing is to memes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Characteristics of Memes

    • A meme that increases its bearer's longevity has a better chance of spreading.
    • A meme that shortens its bearer's life simultaneously reduces its chances of spreading.

    How Memes Spread

    • A meme that boosts its owner's reproductive success enhances its chances of spreading.
    • Children tend to inherit the belief systems of their parents and the parents' community.
    • Religions that proselytize have many more adherents than religions that don't.

    Universal Darwinism

    • The core idea is that natural selection operates not just on genes, but on any replicator.
    • A replicator is anything that gets itself copied.

    Memes

    • Memes are units of cultural transmission, such as ideas, beliefs, practices, and anything else that can be passed on via social learning.
    • Memes are subject to natural selection in much the same way that genes are.
    • Memes can jump from mind to mind and get copied.

    Examples of Memes

    • The concept of the meme itself is an example of a meme.
    • Chain letters and hoax emails are examples of "selfish" cultural elements that exist to pass themselves on.

    Memetics

    • The core idea of memetics is that memes, like genes, are subject to natural selection.
    • Selection favors "selfish" memes that are good at getting themselves replicated and keeping themselves in circulation in the culture.
    • Memes can be quirky pieces of contagious culture, such as jokes, recipes, and catchphrases.

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    The Chain Letter PDF

    Description

    Learn about the concept of Universal Darwinism, where natural selection operates on any replicator, including genes and memes. Understand how errors in copying lead to new variants and their impact on the replication process.

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