Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the standard unit for measuring mass in the fundamental dimensions?
What is the standard unit for measuring mass in the fundamental dimensions?
What is the formula for calculating density?
What is the formula for calculating density?
What does 1 Pascal represent?
What does 1 Pascal represent?
Which of the following correctly defines specific gravity?
Which of the following correctly defines specific gravity?
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What is the unit of power defined by the work done per second?
What is the unit of power defined by the work done per second?
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How is specific volume defined?
How is specific volume defined?
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Which equation corresponds to Newton's second law of motion?
Which equation corresponds to Newton's second law of motion?
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What is the specific weight of a fluid?
What is the specific weight of a fluid?
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What happens to the boiling temperature of a liquid when the pressure above it is reduced to equal or less than its vapor pressure?
What happens to the boiling temperature of a liquid when the pressure above it is reduced to equal or less than its vapor pressure?
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What is the primary cause of cavitation in a flowing liquid?
What is the primary cause of cavitation in a flowing liquid?
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Which type of pressure is defined as the pressure below atmospheric pressure?
Which type of pressure is defined as the pressure below atmospheric pressure?
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Which of the following devices is classified as a manometer?
Which of the following devices is classified as a manometer?
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How is absolute pressure calculated?
How is absolute pressure calculated?
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Which type of mechanical gauge relies on a flexible diaphragm to measure pressure?
Which type of mechanical gauge relies on a flexible diaphragm to measure pressure?
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What is formed when vapor bubbles collapse during cavitation?
What is formed when vapor bubbles collapse during cavitation?
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What is one of the main functions of manometers?
What is one of the main functions of manometers?
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What phenomenon occurs when the pressure of a liquid flowing through a system drops below its vapor pressure?
What phenomenon occurs when the pressure of a liquid flowing through a system drops below its vapor pressure?
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When a gauge pressure is positive, which statement is true regarding absolute pressure?
When a gauge pressure is positive, which statement is true regarding absolute pressure?
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What is the relationship between specific gravity and density of a fluid?
What is the relationship between specific gravity and density of a fluid?
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Which type of fluid is characterized by shear stress that is not proportional to shear strain?
Which type of fluid is characterized by shear stress that is not proportional to shear strain?
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What is the expression for shear stress according to Newton's law of viscosity?
What is the expression for shear stress according to Newton's law of viscosity?
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What distinguishes an ideal fluid from a real fluid?
What distinguishes an ideal fluid from a real fluid?
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What principle explains the tensile force acting on the surface of a liquid?
What principle explains the tensile force acting on the surface of a liquid?
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What is the relationship between the pressure inside a droplet and surface tension?
What is the relationship between the pressure inside a droplet and surface tension?
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How is capillarity expressed when a liquid is in a small tube?
How is capillarity expressed when a liquid is in a small tube?
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In the context of a hollow bubble, how does pressure relate to surface tension?
In the context of a hollow bubble, how does pressure relate to surface tension?
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The phenomenon of liquid rise in a narrow tube is known as what?
The phenomenon of liquid rise in a narrow tube is known as what?
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How does the expression for capillary rise depend on the diameter of the tube?
How does the expression for capillary rise depend on the diameter of the tube?
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What is kinematic viscosity defined as?
What is kinematic viscosity defined as?
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In the expression for capillary fall, what term represents the angle of contact?
In the expression for capillary fall, what term represents the angle of contact?
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During cavitation, what change occurs in the state of matter?
During cavitation, what change occurs in the state of matter?
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Study Notes
Units of Measurement
- Dimensions are measurable characteristics like mass, length, and temperature.
- Units are standardized ways to measure dimensions.
- Fundamental units include:
- Mass (kg)
- Length (m)
- Time (s)
- Temperature (°C or K)
- Density is mass per unit volume (kg/m³). Water density is 1000 kg/m³.
- Newton (N) is a unit of force (kg⋅m/s²). Force equals mass times acceleration.
- Pascal (Pa) is a unit of pressure (N/m²). Pressure equals force per unit area.
- Joule (J) is a unit of work (N⋅m). Work equals force times displacement.
- Watt (W) is a unit of power (J/s). Power equals work per unit time.
- Specific weight (or weight density) is expressed as weight per unit volume (N/m³).
- Specific volume is represented as volume per unit mass (m³/kg).
- Specific gravity (or relative density) is a ratio of a fluid's weight density (or density) to a standard fluid's (e.g., water for liquids, air for gases). It's dimensionless.
Fluid Types and Properties
- Ideal fluid: Imaginary, non-viscous, and incompressible.
- Real fluid: Possesses viscosity; all real-world fluids.
- Newtonian fluid: Stress is proportional to the rate of shear strain.
- Non-Newtonian fluid: Stress is not proportional to the rate of shear strain.
- Ideal plastic fluid: Shear stress exceeds a yield value, then proportional to the rate of shear strain.
Surface Tension
- Surface tension (σ) is the force per unit length acting on a liquid's surface. Units of N/m.
- Surface tension on a liquid droplet: The pressure inside a droplet (exceeding outside pressure) is related to surface tension and droplet diameter: P = 4σ/d.
- Surface tension on a hollow bubble: Pressure across a hollow bubble is twice that of a droplet : P = 8σ/d.
- Surface tension on a liquid jet: Pressure inside a liquid jet is related to its diameter and surface tension: P = 2σ/d.
Capillarity
- Capillarity is the rise or fall of liquid in a narrow tube compared to the surrounding liquid level.
- Capillary rise (or depression): related to surface tension, contact angle, tube diameter, and liquid density through the expression : h = 4σ cos θ/ (ρ × g × d).
Vapor Pressure and Cavitation
- Vaporization: Liquid to gas transformation.
- Vapor pressure: Pressure exerted by vaporized liquid molecules.
- Cavitation: Formation and collapse of vapor bubbles in a flowing liquid due to reduced pressure below the vapor pressure. Collapse causes high pressure, pitting, or erosion.
Pressure Measurement
- Absolute pressure: Measured against a complete vacuum.
- Gauge pressure: Measured relative to atmospheric pressure.
- Vacuum pressure: Pressure less than atmospheric.
- Manometers: Devices for measuring pressure using balanced fluid columns. Includes simple manometers (piezometer, U-tube) and differential manometers.
- Mechanical gauges: Devices using springs or dead weights for pressure measurement. Includes diaphragm, Bourdon tube, dead-weight, bellows gauges.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental units of measurement used in science. This quiz covers dimensions such as mass, length, time, and temperature, along with concepts like density, force, pressure, work, power, and specific gravity. Challenge yourself to understand these essential principles for better grasp of physics and measurement.
