Questions and Answers
Who invented EMS?
The French
Who operated the first ambulances?
Funeral homes/the undertaker
When was NREMT founded?
1970
When was NEMSSA passed by Congress?
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When were EMS standards developed and by whom?
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What are NHTSA standards for EMS systems?
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What are the components of the EMS system?
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What does Enhanced 911 provide?
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What role do Emergency Medical Dispatchers play?
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What are the levels of EMS training?
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What are the roles and responsibilities of an EMT?
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What is EMS's role in Public Health?
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What is Mobile Integrated Healthcare?
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What is the difference between scope of practice and standard of care?
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What are exceptions that allow children to refuse care?
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When is involuntary transportation ok?
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A patient may refuse care if they are:
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What is proximate causation?
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What do Good Samaritan laws provide?
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What is dependent lividity?
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What is rigor mortis?
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What is putrefaction?
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What is libel?
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What is slander?
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What is an on-line order?
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What is an off-line order?
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What is body mechanics?
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What is an emergency move?
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What is an urgent move?
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What is a non-urgent move?
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Who made the standard precautions?
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What does the Ryan White CARE Act require?
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What is an acute stress reaction?
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What is eustress?
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What is distress?
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What is Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM)?
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What are the three R's for reacting to danger?
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What is pathophysiology?
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What is the role of mitochondria?
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What is aerobic metabolism?
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What is anaerobic metabolism?
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What is tidal volume?
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What is minute volume?
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What does the medulla oblongata control?
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What is pleural space?
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What is hypercapnia?
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What is hypoxia?
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What is the role of chemoreceptors?
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What is the function of blood?
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What is plasma oncotic pressure?
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What is hydrostatic pressure?
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What is loss of tone?
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What is hypertension?
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What is the average stroke volume?
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What is preload?
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What is contractility?
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What is afterload?
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What is cardiac output?
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What is hypoperfusion (shock)?
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Where does the upper airway end?
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What is the role of the nasopharynx?
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Where does the lower airway begin?
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What is crowing?
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What are rails/crackles?
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What are contraindications of OPA?
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What are the contraindications of NPA?
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What is the maximum amount of time you should suction for?
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What is ventilation?
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What is inhalation?
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What is exhalation?
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What is dead space air?
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What is external respiration?
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What is internal respiration?
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What are signs of hypoxia/hypercapnia?
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What is respiratory distress?
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What is respiratory failure?
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What is respiratory arrest?
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What is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)?
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What flow of oxygen do we use for BVM/NRB?
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What flow of oxygen do we use for nasal cannula?
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What is a tracheostomy mask?
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What is the difference between Mechanism of Injury (MOI) and Nature of Illness (NOI)?
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What is low-velocity trauma?
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What is medium-velocity trauma?
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What is high-velocity trauma?
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What is blunt force trauma?
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What does BENAMES stand for?
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What is the respiratory rate for adequate breathing in adults?
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What is the respiratory rate for adequate breathing in children?
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What is the respiratory rate for adequate breathing in infants?
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What is seesaw breathing?
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What are signs of inadequate breathing in pediatrics?
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What is the sign of inadequate artificial breathing in adults vs. children?
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What does OPQRST stand for?
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What are rhonchi?
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What are the contraindications of CPAP?
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What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
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What is chronic bronchitis?
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What is emphysema?
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What is asthma?
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What is pulmonary edema?
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What is pneumonia?
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Study Notes
EMS Origins and Structure
- EMS was invented in France.
- The first ambulances were operated by funeral homes/undertakers.
- NREMT was established in 1970 to regulate EMS training.
- The National Emergency Medical Services Systems Act (NEMSSA) was passed by Congress in 1973.
- EMS standards were developed in 1966 by the Department of Transportation (DOT).
NHTSA EMS Standards
- The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) established essential standards including:
- Regulation and Policy
- Resource Management
- Human Resources Training
- Transportation
- Facilities
- Communications
- Public Information/Education
- Medical Direction
- Trauma Systems
- Evaluation (Quality Assurance/Improvement)
Components and Operations of EMS
- Key components of an EMS system include:
- Emergency medical dispatcher
- EMS responders
- Emergency Department/hospital
- Specialty centers (trauma, burn, pediatric, cardiac, stroke, etc.)
- Enhanced 911 technology provides the caller's number and location for immediate assistance.
Roles and Responsibilities of EMTs
- EMTs ensure personal safety and the safety of crew, patient, and bystanders.
- Responsibilities include patient assessment, care, lifting/moving, transport, transfer of care, and patient advocacy.
- Key qualities for EMTs involve good physical condition and personal traits.
Public Health Role of EMS
- EMS plays a vital role in public health through:
- Injury prevention programs targeting geriatric and pediatric populations.
- Public vaccination initiatives.
- Disease surveillance efforts.
Medical Directives and Care
- Different levels of EMS training include Emergency Medical Responder, EMT, AEMT, and Paramedic.
- On-line orders are provided by medical direction via phone/radio, while off-line orders are standing orders.
- Body mechanics emphasize proper use to prevent injury during lifting and moving.
Patient Care Protocols
- Emergency and urgent moves are performed when immediate threats to life or decline in conditions are present.
- Non-urgent moves occur when there is no immediate threat.
- Standards and precautions for patient care stem from OSHA regulations.
Mental Health Considerations
- Involuntary transportation is justified if a patient poses a threat to themselves or others based on assessments by mental health professionals or law enforcement.
Patient Rights and Legal Considerations
- Patients may refuse care if they are legally competent, alert, informed, and sign a release form.
- Good Samaritan Laws offer immunity from liability for those rendering aid in good faith, though they often do not cover on-duty personnel.
Physiological Terms and Concepts
- Proximate causation ties harm directly to EMT action or inaction.
- Dependent lividity, rigor mortis, and putrefaction are signs indicating death.
- Pathophysiology studies how diseases affect body functions, with the mitochondria converting glucose to ATP.
- Metabolism can be aerobic (requiring oxygen) or anaerobic (producing lactic acid in the absence of oxygen).
Respiratory Concepts
- Tidal volume refers to air volume inhaled/exhaled per breath, while minute volume is calculated as tidal volume multiplied by respiratory rate.
- The medulla oblongata controls respiration, and respiratory distress indicates the body is compensating effectively.
- Signs of hypoxia include shortness of breath and increased respiratory rates.
- Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) aids in noninvasive ventilation for respiratory issues.
Trauma and Assessment
- Mechanism of Injury (MOI) contrasts with the Nature of Illness (NOI), distinguishing between trauma and medical conditions.
- Different types of trauma are categorized by velocity: low (knife), medium (gun), and high (rifle).
- Vital signs such as respiratory rates depend on age groups, e.g., adults: 12-20 breaths/min, infants: 25-50 breaths/min.
Pulmonary Conditions
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) encompasses conditions like chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
- Asthma results in chronic bronchoconstriction, whereas pulmonary edema involves fluid in alveoli causing swelling.
- Pneumonia is characterized by lung infection leading to inflammation and mucus buildup.
Emergency Care Techniques
- Ventilation involves the movement of air in and out of the lungs, with oxygen flow rates of 15 L/min for BVM/NRB and 2-6 L/min for nasal cannula.
- Signs of inadequate breathing in pediatrics include nasal flaring, grunting, and seesaw breathing.
By understanding these key concepts, EMTs can provide effective care while ensuring safety and compliance within the EMS framework.
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Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards for the Unitek EMT Midterm. This quiz covers key historical milestones in Emergency Medical Services, such as the founding of NREMT and the development of EMS standards. Perfect for EMT students looking to review essential information.