Unit 5 Test: Chavin de Huantar

Questions and Answers

What does the Lanzon at Chavin de Huantar depict?

A carved image of a jaguar

A representation of a mountain

A depiction of a snake

A standing figure with large round eyes (correct)

What is Yaxchilán known for?

Elaborate decorations and carved stone lintels above doorways.

Which deities are represented at Templo Mayor in Tenochtitlan?

Tlazolteotl and Xiuhtecuhtli

Huitzilopochtli and Xipe Totec

Tlaloc and Huitzilopochtli (correct)

Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca

The Great Serpent Mound is located in southwestern Ohio.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Tlaloc temple?

It symbolizes the mountain of sustenance produced by rain, allowing crops to grow. Signup and view all the answers

What were the maize cobs from the Inka designed to represent?

Ripe ears of corn Signup and view all the answers

Montezuma II was the leader of the Aztecs who welcomed the Spanish.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the city of Cusco known for in the Inca Empire?

It was the administrative, political, and military center of the Inca Empire. Signup and view all the answers

The Great Serpent Mound is the largest serpent effigy in the world, measuring _____ feet in length.

1300 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their significance:

Chavin de Huantar = Birthplace of an ancient 'mother culture' Yaxchilán = Significant Maya center Templo Mayor = Sacred precinct of Mexica The Great Serpent Mound = Largest serpent effigy Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of stones slotted together in Inka architecture?

They allow small movement, protecting the walls from earthquakes. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Axis Mundi' refer to in Inka culture?

The center of existence and a reflection of Inka power. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two sections of the Inka cosmos?

Hanan (upper or high) and Hurin (lower). Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the city of Cusco in relation to the Inka empire?

It served as a map in miniature of the entire Inka empire. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Qorikancha known for?

It was the most sacred shrine of the Inka dedicated to the worship of the sun. Signup and view all the answers

The Qorikancha was destroyed during the Spanish conquest.

True Signup and view all the answers

What does the Saqsa Wayman structure look like?

It has zig-zagging walls and is described as a fortress. Signup and view all the answers

What central figure is depicted in the Aztec Calendar Stone?

Tonatiuh, the sun god. Signup and view all the answers

In what context is the Coyolxauqui stone significant?

It depicts the dismembered body of the goddess Coyolxauhqui. Signup and view all the answers

What is an All-T'oqapu tunic?

A tunic made up of square geometric motifs representing high rank in Inca society. Signup and view all the answers

When was Machu Picchu built, and for whom?

It was built in the middle of the 15th century for the first Inca emperor, Pachacuti Inka Yupanqui. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Intihuatana stone believed to have been used for?

It was used to track the passage of the sun throughout the year. Signup and view all the answers

What are the Mesa Verde Cliff Dwellings?

Homes built into the side of cliffs by the Ancestral Puebloan peoples. Signup and view all the answers

What were the materials used to create the All-T'oqapu tunic?

Camelid fibers Signup and view all the answers

What themes does the Coyolxauqui stone encompass?

Art for worship Signup and view all the answers

What is a Black on Black vessel?

Designs based on natural phenomenon such as clouds, feathers, corn, and rivers. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Great Zimbabwe?

It was a prosperous trading center and royal complex of the Shona people in Southeast Africa. Signup and view all the answers

What type of community activity was involved in making ceramics in Pueblo?

Communal activity with shared steps Signup and view all the answers

The Golden Stool was allowed to touch the ground.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of a Memory Board (Lukasa) in Mbudye society?

It helps the user remember key elements of the story, such as court ceremonies, migrations, and genealogy. Signup and view all the answers

What materials were used to create the Aka elephant mask?

Wood, woven raffia, cloth, and beads Signup and view all the answers

What role does a Bundu mask play in Mende society?

It is used in rituals to prepare girls for adulthood. Signup and view all the answers

The Great Mosque of Djenne was originally built in the 13th century.

True Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Ikenga = Shrine figure representing strength and achievements Ndop = Commemorative portrait figure of a Kuba ruler Aka elephant mask = Symbolizes strength and used in royal courts Bundu mask = Used in rituals for preparing girls for adulthood Signup and view all the answers

How did Maria Martinez contribute to the pottery tradition?

She and her husband Julian pioneered the black on black ware style of pottery. Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is considered the largest mudbrick mosque in the world.

Great Mosque of Djenne Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Pwo mask' refer to?

A female mask used in dances Signup and view all the answers

What is a transformation mask?

A mask worn by dancers during potlatches Signup and view all the answers

The introduction of canned meat did not affect traditional fishing and agriculture.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is 'pisupo'?

A generic term for canned foods Signup and view all the answers

The artist has brought bulls to life through performance installations throughout the ___

world Signup and view all the answers

What materials are commonly used for making transformation masks?

Red cedar wood Signup and view all the answers

Potlatches have been practiced continuously without interruption since their inception.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which themes are associated with transformation masks?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Canned corn beef is high in ___, salt, and cholesterol.

saturated fat Signup and view all the answers

What event was hosted to display the status of a person?

Potlatch Signup and view all the answers

Masks in transformation ceremonies portray elements of which concept?

Animal transformation Signup and view all the answers

In what colors are transformation masks predominantly made?

Red, blue, green, and black Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the king depicted on the veranda posts in the Ekiti Yoruba kingdom?

He is the focal point in the composition, supported by his large senior wife during his coronation. Signup and view all the answers

What is Nan Madol?

An ancient city in Pohnpei, Micronesia, acting as the capital of the Saudeleur dynasty. Signup and view all the answers

What materials are used to create the Moai statues on Easter Island?

Volcanic tufa and basalt. Signup and view all the answers

What does Ahu'ula translate to?

Red garments. Signup and view all the answers

What is the representation of the Staff God from the Cook Islands?

A sacred staff that represents the divine and includes a carved head and a phallus at the lower end. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary function of the Female Deity figure from Nukuoro?

To represent an evil goddess, Kawe, who controlled natural disasters. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'buk' refer to in the Torres Strait?

Mask. Signup and view all the answers

What is Hiapo in the context of Niue?

Bark cloth or tapa. Signup and view all the answers

Who is Tamati Waka Nene?

A Maori chief and convert to the Wesleyan Methodist faith. Signup and view all the answers

What are navigation charts used for in the Marshall Islands?

To indicate the location of islands, waves, and currents. Signup and view all the answers

What purpose do Malagan masks serve in Papua New Guinea?

To send the souls of the deceased to the afterlife. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the presentation of Fijian mats and tapa cloths to Queen Elizabeth II?

It was an example of performance art during her 1953 royal tour. Signup and view all the answers

What is the medium used for 'Pisupo Lua Afe' by Michel Tuffery?

Mixed media. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chavin de Huantar

Ancient temple complex with a U-shaped Old Temple (900 BCE) and a New Temple (500 BCE).
Interior comprised of tunnels and dark galleries with no windows, enhancing acoustics for spiritual experience.
Situated at 10,300 feet elevation in the Andean mountains of Peru, near key natural landmarks.
Considered the birthplace of a significant "mother culture," declined around 200 BCE, but cultural motifs persisted.
The Lanzon, a deity representation, depicted as a standing figure with large round eyes, symbolizing agricultural success.
Constructed using rough stones for walls and smoothed stone for carvings, showcasing complex visual styles.

Yaxchilán

Notable for its intricate exterior decorations, including carved stone lintels that provide dynastic records.
Located on the south bank of the river Chiapas, Mexico, surrounded by jungles near the Guatemalan border.
Established around 200 A.D., reaching its peak between 500 and 800 A.D. under the "Jaguar Court."
Structures feature hieroglyphics and monumental architecture; abandoned shortly after 800 A.D. and later rediscovered in the 19th century.
Glyph translations began in the 1960s, providing insights into Maya civilization.

Templo Mayor

Central temple in Tenochtitlan, established in 1325 on an island in Lake Texcoco, now Mexico City.
Significant construction involved over seven phases, reflecting Mexica cosmology and structuring the capital.
Dedicated to deities Tlaloc (water and rain) and Huitzilopochtli (war and sun); featured significant sacrificial practices.
Excavations revealed numerous ritual deposits, including offerings of coral, skulls, and ceremonial items.
Destroyed and buried after the Spanish conquest in 1521, with materials repurposed for modern structures like the cathedral.

The Great Serpent Mound

Located in southwestern Ohio, the largest serpent effigy globally, measuring 1300 feet in length.
Created by ancient Native American cultures, possibly by the Fort Ancient culture around 1070 CE, without burial purposes.
The mound aligns architecturally with celestial events, marking significant astronomical dates and possibly serving as a compass.
Represents a stratified society with organized labor and reflects the importance of snakes in native spirituality.

Tlaloc Temple

Features a central chacmool sculpture of a male figure associated with the rain god Tlaloc.
Frogs at the base emphasize the connection to the rainy season, showcasing the temple's significance in agriculture.

Olmec Mask

Originating from 1200-400 BCE, a small jadeite mask that reflects Olmec cultural characteristics, such as Upturned lips and almond-shaped eyes.
Displayed Aztec reverence by being ritually buried, illustrating connections between ancient cultures and trade over vast distances.

Maize Cobs, Inka

Craftsmanship produced lifelike representations of maize using gold and silver, symbolizing agricultural abundance.
These crafted gardens emphasized the Inka's divine right to rule and their connection to the natural world.
Spanish conquest led to looting and destruction of Inka artifacts, which included gold and silver representations of key crops.

Montezuma II Headdress

A luxurious headdress made from quetzal feathers, symbolizing power and rank within Aztec society.
Represents the extensive trade network of the Aztec empire and the integration of cultural symbols.
Montezuma II's leadership and subsequent conquest by Spanish forces marked the decline of the Aztec empire.

City of Cusco

The historical capital of the Inca Empire, known as Tawantinsuyu, was situated at an altitude of 11,200 feet in modern-day Peru.
Functioned as a political, administrative, and military center, showcasing advanced masonry techniques that symbolized unity among diverse populations.### Inka Society and Cuzco
Stones in structures allow minor movements, providing protection from earthquakes.
Axis Mundi symbolizes the center of existence and Inka power.
Cuzco divided into hanan (upper) and hurin (lower) reflecting Inka social organization.
Four quarters of Cuzco mirror the four divisions of the Inka empire.
Inhabitants of each quarter corresponded to their social sections within the empire.
Cuzco served as a miniature map of the entire Inka empire, demonstrating rulers' power in shaping society.
The city had both secular and sacred significance.
Leaders from various sections required to reside in Cuzco for better control.
Young women selected from across the empire served as "chosen women" to gods and nobles.
Young men educated in Cuzco became advocates of Inka culture upon returning home.

Qorikancha (Golden Horse)

Considered the most sacred Inka shrine, dedicated to the worship of the sun god Inti.
The temple contained gold, silver, and jewels, resembling a miniature world.
Spanish colonial churches built over and around the original shrine, creating unique architectural styles.
Distinctive trapezoidal shapes characterize doorways, windows, and niches.
Exceptional masonry reserved for the most important structures, involving labor-intensive techniques.
Decorated with gold to reflect sun's light, signifying its religious importance.
Imaginary lines connected other shrines throughout the Cusco Valley from Qorikancha.
After the Spanish conquest, it was converted into a Christian space, with treasures removed in 1532.

Saqsa Wayman

Fortress-like structure overlooking Cuzco, characterized by zigzagging walls.
Its exact function remains debated; may never have been completed.
Stones used were significantly larger than those found in street-level constructions.

Aztec Calendar Stone

Center features sun god Tonatiuh, holding a sacrificial knife symbolizing the continuing movement of the sun.
Stone incorporates human faces and represented time, with carvings for each cardinal direction.
It includes a 260-day ritual calendar with 20 day signs.
Weighing around 24 tons, the stone remained buried after the Spanish conquest.
Eventually mounted on a cathedral wall until 1885, exact meanings and purposes are still theorized.
Reflects the Mexica's creation beliefs and mythological transformations of humanity.

Coyolxauqui Stone

Features themes of female nudity and power struggles, depicting the dismembered goddess Coyolxauhqui.
Represents a myth wherein Huitzilopochti defends their mother by killing his sister.
Found at the Huitzilopochti temple's base, originally painted in low relief.
Nakedness symbolizes humiliation, while the portrayal of violence reinforces Aztec authority.
During rituals, captives were sacrificed and their bodies displayed, showcasing power dynamics.
After the Spanish conquest, the temple was destroyed, with stones repurposed for new structures.

All-T'oqapu Tunic

Composed entirely of T'oqapu, square geometric motifs indicating high status in Inca society.
Symbolizes the Sapa Inka's power through fine weaving and use of luxury materials.
Designs reflect individuals' identities and roles within the empire.
The tunic was considered more valuable than gold or gems, embodying economic and political relationships.
Crafted through extensive labor, leveraging local resources and traditional dyes, mainly from textiles.
Features unique Inka trapezoidal designs and embodied the prestige of the ruling class.

Machu Picchu

Built as the royal estate for Pachacuti Inka Yupanqui in the 15th century, overlooking the Urubamba River.
Served as a site for feasting, religious ceremonies, and administration of the empire.
Design and location reflect the spiritual significance of the surrounding mountains.
Utilized terraces for agriculture and water management, crucial for sustaining crops like maize.
Structures demonstrate advanced masonry techniques, allowing earthquake resistance and decorative smoothness.
Social stratification evident in residential arrangements; high status buildings located in the northeast.
Pachacuti was deeply involved in religious practices, reflected in abundant ceremonial structures.
The Temple of the Sun housed unique stone designs for astronomical observations.

Intihuatana Stone

Known as the "hitching post of the sun," carved boulder used for tracking the sun's passage.
Part of Inka spiritual beliefs, symbolizing the relationship between art and belief in supernatural forces.
Similar stones found throughout the Inka empire, indicating their significance in religious practices.

Bandolier Bag

Originated from European ammunition bags, characterized by colorful beadwork and ribbons.
Functions as a cross-body bag, adorned with abstract symmetrical designs representing earthly and celestial realms.
Illustrates cultural adaptation following interactions with Europeans, showcasing resilience and creativity.
Made primarily by men and served as expressions of identity and social status.
Became popular among Indigenous peoples in the Great Lakes and Prairie regions, reflecting complex histories and traditions.

Mesa Verde Cliff Dwellings

Constructed by Ancestral Puebloans, also known as Anasazi, featuring over 600 structures.
Home to families, storage, and ritual spaces, situated on cliff faces in the Four Corners region.
Built with stone and mortar, retaining cultural artifacts like handprints in the materials.
Living units organized around kivas, ceremonial and residential circular spaces.
The cliff dwellings' construction offered protection from invaders and elements, though exact motives for building them are debated.
Abandoned around 1300 CE, possibly due to drought or resource scarcity, reflecting a complex relationship with the environment.### Black on Black Vessel
Inspired by natural elements like clouds and rivers, featuring abstract depictions of birds and rain.
Art Deco style from the 1920s to 1930s, with careful gathering and processing of materials for successful firing.
Creation involved mixing broken pottery shards with volcanic ash; no potter's wheel was used.
The vessel was dried, smoothed, and covered in slip, polished for a shiny finish, followed by intricate iron-rich designs.
High-temperature firing transformed the brittle clay into durable ceramics, emphasizing communal potting efforts.
Lacking kilns, traditional techniques involved using manure for heat; potters collaborated on paint mixtures and slip polishing.
Maria and Julian Martinez revived black-on-black pottery styles based on ancestral shards from archaeological digs.
Their work reframed Pueblo pottery as fine art, attracting non-native buyers, thus monetizing craftsmanship.
Maria Martinez gained recognition, signing pots to boost income, while also emphasizing her Pueblo identity.

Hide Painting of Sun Dance

Created in the late 19th century, reflecting native identity and appealing to tourists.
Depicts the sacred Sundance ceremony alongside the non-religious wolf dance, highlighting cultural rituals.
Features men in feathered headdresses dancing around a buffalo head, symbolizing reverence for nature.
Women's roles are illustrated as they prepare food while men hunt buffalo, emphasizing daily life alongside ceremonial practice.
Hide paintings documented history, utilizing natural pigments and varying artistic techniques.
Cotsiogo, also known as Cadzi Cody, painted this hide during significant cultural changes post-nomadic traditions.

Great Zimbabwe

Constructed by the Shona people around 1000-1400 CE, serving as a trading center in southeast Africa.
The term "Zimbabwe" translates to "venerated houses" or "houses of stone."
The stone enclosure possibly housed royalty, with walls reaching 800 feet in length and 32 feet in height.
The Conical Tower symbolizes agricultural wealth, its design promoting control over food supply.
Architectural features showcase strength without being fortress-like; the site supported over 10,000 inhabitants at its peak.

Great Mosque of Djenne

Originally constructed around 1200, with later renovations made in 1906-1907 using adobe.
Located in Djenne, Mali, it served as a significant urban center as Islam gained influence through trans-Saharan trade.
The mosque features three tall towers, with the central mihrab crowned with ostrich eggs, symbols of fertility.
The design incorporates wooden beams (torons) for maintenance and aesthetic purposes, characteristic of West African mosques.
Boasts the title of the largest mudbrick mosque in the world.

Wall Plaque from Oba's Palace

Crafted in the 16th century using brass in Benin, Nigeria, illustrating aspects of court life.
The plaques were part of a grand palace complex, displaying hierarchical proportions emphasizing rank.
Depicts ceremonial scenes, with symbols of power and high relief sculpture techniques.
The Oba is believed to be a direct descendant of the dynasty's legendary founder, Oranmiyan.

Golden Stool (Skia dwa kofi)

Dating back to the 1700s, this gold-covered wooden stool is a crucial symbol for the Ashanti people of Ghana.
Represents the soul of the nation and is never placed on the ground or used as a seat.
The conflict over the stool sparked the War of the Golden Stool in 1900, leading to British annexation.

Ndop (Portrait Figure) of King Mishe miShyaang maMbul

Created between 1760-1780, this wooden figure symbolizes the spirit of Kuba rulers, not simply their mortal form.
Kings are commemorated through symbolic elements; the figure often presents an idealized state.
Features such as a sword and crossed legs highlight the royal regalia and signify power and heritage.

Portrait Mask (Mblo)

Used by the Baule people, this wooden mask honors individuals through ritual dance and tributes.
Represents an idealized version of a real person, often commissioned by their admirers.
Distinctive features include a broad forehead, pronounced eyes, and a peaceful demeanor.

Female Pwo Mask

Created by the Chokwe people in Central Africa, late 19th to early 20th century, used in male-performed rituals.
Embodies matriarchal values and idealized female beauty, characterized by elaborate hairstyles and balanced features.

Ikenga (Shrine Figure)

Crafted by the Igbo people, symbolizing strength and masculinity, typically made of hardwood.
Represents the owner's achievements and serves as a personal god of success, with intricate carvings reflecting genealogy.

Bundu Mask

Made by the Mende people for the Sande society, symbolizing idealized female beauty and the initiation of girls into adulthood.
Represents women's high status in society through its elaborate design and attire.

Memory Board (Lukasa)

Unique art form from the Luba people, used by the Mbudye society to recount history and genealogy.
Features a carved design that allows users to trace events and stories, emphasizing the oratory tradition.

Aka Elephant Mask

Associated with the Bamileke people, this mask signifies power and is worn by elite individuals at important ceremonies.
Represents the strength of elephants, crucial to the culture, through its design and performance context.

Reliquary Guardian Figure (Nlo Bieri)

Designed by the Fang people, these figures protect important relics and reflect tranquility and introspection.
Placed atop containers holding clan leaders' bones, characterized by a somber expression and symbolic features.

Power Figure (Nkisi N'kondi)

Carved by the Kongo people, it serves as a spirit figure activated through sacred substances for blessings or vengeance.
Handles disputes and invokes supernatural power, with various elements like nails and pegs symbolizing different resolutions.
Often collected and misconceived by Europeans, becoming associated with voodoo culture.

Veranda Post of Enthroned King and Senior Wife (Opo Ogoga)

Created by Olowe of Ise in early 20th-century Nigeria, this wooden post exemplifies royal iconography within Yoruba culture.

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Test your knowledge on the Chavin de Huantar temple complex, featuring the U-shaped Old Temple and new temple built in 900 BCE and 500 BCE respectively. Explore the structure's unique acoustics and architectural features, including its galleries, tunnels, and the materials used. Perfect for students studying ancient Andean civilizations.