Unit 5: Human Physiology and Gas Exchange
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Questions and Answers

What is the scientific name for the structure in the mammalian auditory system that converts sound vibrations into nerve impulses?

Organ of Corti

Which of the following is NOT involved in the exchange of gases between the alveoli and blood?

  • Thickness of the membrane
  • Solubility of gases
  • Pressure gradient
  • Volume of the lungs (correct)

Inspiration occurs when the intra-pulmonary pressure is higher than the atmospheric pressure.

False (B)

What is the primary function of the diaphragm in breathing?

<p>Contracting to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The volume of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration is called ______.

<p>tidal volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the condition that causes difficulty in breathing due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles?

<p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the role of the pneumotaxic centre in respiration?

<p>Moderates the duration of inspiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The respiratory system is responsible for transporting oxygen to the cells and removing carbon dioxide from the body, but it does not play any role in regulating body temperature.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the chronic lung disease that can be caused by smoking, resulting in damage to alveolar walls and reduced respiratory surface?

<p>Emphysema</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following respiratory volumes with their descriptions:

<p>Tidal Volume (TV) = The maximum volume of air a person can breathe out after a forced inspiration Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) = The amount of air that can be exhaled in addition to the tidal volume after a normal exhalation Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) = The volume of air that remains in the lungs even after a forceful exhalation Residual Volume (RV) = The volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to the tidal volume after a normal inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli?

<p>104 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

The solubility of carbon dioxide in blood is much lower than the solubility of oxygen in blood.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the enzyme that facilitates the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions?

<p>Carbonic anhydrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the condition that occurs when the body tissues do not receive enough oxygen due to insufficient oxygen in the air or problems with the respiratory system?

<p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the process of exchange of gases between an organism and its environment?

<p>Breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the flap of cartilage that covers the glottis during swallowing?

<p>Epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the respiratory system?

<p>Esophagus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs?

<p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the double-layered membrane that covers the lungs?

<p>Pleura</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inspiration occurs when the pressure inside the lungs is higher than the atmospheric pressure.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The diaphragm contracts during expiration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath called?

<p>Tidal Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum volume of air that a person can exhale after taking the deepest possible breath called?

<p>Vital Capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the process of gas exchange that occurs between the alveoli and the blood?

<p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the pigment in red blood cells that binds to oxygen?

<p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

The binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is affected by the partial pressure of carbon dioxide, hydrogen ion concentration, and temperature.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the enzyme found in red blood cells that catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid?

<p>Carbonic Anhydrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

The respiratory center in the brain is located in the medulla oblongata.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the condition that involves inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles, causing difficulty breathing?

<p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the condition that involves damage to the alveoli, reducing the surface area for gas exchange?

<p>Emphysema</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the names for the conditions that can be caused by exposure to dust or other irritants in the workplace?

<p>Occupational Respiratory Disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are respiratory organs?

Organs which facilitate the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide.

What is breathing?

The process by which atmospheric air is taken in and alveolar air is released out.

What is the human respiratory system?

The system of organs responsible for gas exchange in humans.

What is the conducting part of the respiratory system?

The part of the respiratory system that transports air to the alveoli, cleanses it, and humidifies it.

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What is the exchange part of the respiratory system?

The part of the respiratory system where the actual exchange of gases occurs between blood and atmospheric air.

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What is the thoracic chamber?

The air-tight chamber that houses the lungs.

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What is inspiration?

The process by which atmospheric air is drawn into the lungs.

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What is expiration?

The process by which alveolar air is released from the lungs.

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Which muscles aid in breathing?

The muscles that help in breathing by changing the volume of the thoracic cavity.

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What is tidal volume?

The volume of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration.

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What is inspiratory reserve volume?

The additional volume of air a person can inspire by forceful inspiration.

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What is expiratory reserve volume?

The additional volume of air a person can expire by forceful expiration.

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What is residual volume?

The volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forceful expiration.

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What is inspiratory capacity?

The total volume of air a person can inspire after a normal expiration.

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What is expiratory capacity?

The total volume of air a person can expire after a normal inspiration.

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What is functional residual capacity?

The volume of air that remains in the lungs after a normal expiration.

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What is vital capacity?

The maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration.

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What is total lung capacity?

The total volume of air accommodated in the lungs at the end of a forced inspiration.

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What are alveoli?

The primary sites where exchange of gases takes place between blood and atmospheric air.

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What is partial pressure?

The pressure contributed by an individual gas in a mixture of gases.

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What is gas diffusion?

The movement of gases across a membrane from a region of high partial pressure to a region of low partial pressure.

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What is the diffusion membrane?

The membrane that separates the alveoli from the capillaries and facilitates gas exchange.

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How are gases transported in the blood?

The transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

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What is haemoglobin?

A red pigment in red blood cells that binds to oxygen and facilitates its transport.

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What is the oxygen dissociation curve?

A curve that represents the percentage saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen at different partial pressures of oxygen.

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How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

The process by which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.

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What is carbonic anhydrase?

An enzyme that facilitates the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid.

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How is respiration regulated?

The regulation of breathing rate and depth to meet the body's demands for oxygen.

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What is the respiratory rhythm center?

The center in the medulla region of the brain that controls the basic rhythm of breathing.

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What is the pneumotaxic center?

The center in the pons region of the brain that moderates the rhythm of breathing.

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What is the chemosensitive area?

An area in the medulla that is sensitive to carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.

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What are aortic and carotid receptors?

Receptors in the aortic arch and carotid artery that sense changes in carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.

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What is hypoxia?

A condition where the body is not getting enough oxygen.

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Cellular Respiration

The process by which living organisms break down complex organic molecules to release energy in the form of ATP.

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Energy for Life

The primary source of energy for life processes, obtained through the oxidation of food molecules.

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Food Production

The process of photosynthesis by green plants and cyanobacteria, where light energy is converted into chemical energy stored in carbohydrates.

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Glycolysis

The process of breaking down glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid, releasing energy in the form of ATP.

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Fermentation

The incomplete oxidation of glucose under anaerobic conditions, releasing energy in the form of ATP but less efficiently than aerobic respiration.

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Aerobic Respiration

The complete oxidation of glucose in the presence of oxygen, releasing a large amount of energy in the form of ATP.

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Krebs' Cycle

A process where pyruvic acid is broken down to release carbon dioxide and energy, generating electron carriers NADH and FADH2.

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Electron Transport System (ETS)

A series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons and generate a proton gradient for ATP synthesis.

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

The process of using the energy from electron transport to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

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Oxygen's Role in Respiration

The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration, where it is reduced to water.

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Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

The ratio of the volume of CO2 evolved to the volume of O2 consumed during respiration.

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Metabolic Pathway

The process of breaking down and synthesizing molecules within a cell.

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Amphibolic Pathway

A metabolic pathway involved in both breakdown (catabolism) and synthesis (anabolism) of molecules.

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Substrate Entry Points

The point of entry of different substrates into the respiratory pathway, depending on their structure.

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Anaerobic Respiration

A type of respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen, producing lactic acid or ethanol as byproducts.

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Lactic Acid Fermentation

The breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid under anaerobic conditions, producing a small amount of ATP.

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Alcohol Fermentation

The breakdown of glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide under anaerobic conditions, producing a small amount of ATP.

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Respiratory Substrates

The compounds that are oxidized during respiration to release energy.

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Glucose

The most common respiratory substrate, a simple sugar that is broken down during glycolysis.

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Sucrose Conversion

The process of converting sucrose into glucose and fructose, which can then enter glycolysis.

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Invertase

The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of sucrose into glucose and fructose.

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Hexokinase

The enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate.

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Isomerization

The process of converting glucose-6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate.

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Phosphofructokinase

The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.

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Splitting of Fructose

The split of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL).

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PGAL Oxidation

The process of oxidizing 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPGA), generating NADH and H+.

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BPGA Conversion

The conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPGA) to 3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA), generating ATP.

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2-Phosphoglycerate Conversion

The conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), releasing water.

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PEP Conversion

The conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvic acid, generating ATP.

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Pyruvic Acid

The key product of glycolysis, a three-carbon molecule that is further metabolized in aerobic respiration or fermentation.

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Oxidative Decarboxylation

The process of converting pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA, releasing carbon dioxide and generating NADH.

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Acetyl CoA

A two-carbon molecule that enters the Krebs' cycle and is further metabolized for energy production.

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Oxaloacetic Acid (OAA)

A four-carbon molecule that is the starting and ending molecule of the Krebs' cycle.

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Citric Acid

A six-carbon molecule that is formed when acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid, initiating the Krebs' cycle.

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Aconitase

The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of citrate to isocitrate.

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α-Ketoglutaric Acid

A five-carbon molecule that is formed during the Krebs' cycle.

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Succinyl-CoA

A four-carbon molecule that is formed during the Krebs' cycle.

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Succinyl CoA Synthetase

The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinic acid, generating GTP.

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Succinic Acid

A four-carbon molecule that is formed during the Krebs' cycle.

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Succinate Dehydrogenase

The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of succinic acid to fumaric acid, generating FADH2.

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Fumaric Acid

A four-carbon molecule that is formed during the Krebs' cycle.

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Fumarase

The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fumaric acid to malic acid.

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Malic Acid

A four-carbon molecule that is formed during the Krebs' cycle.

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Malate Dehydrogenase

The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of malic acid to oxaloacetic acid, generating NADH.

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Study Notes

Unit 5: Human Physiology

  • The reductionist approach to studying life forms uses physical and chemical concepts and techniques.
  • Often using surviving tissues or cell-free systems, this approach led to the explosion of knowledge in molecular biology.
  • Molecular physiology is almost synonymous with biochemistry and biophysics.
  • Systems biology suggests that emergent properties arise from interactions within a system, rather than from a purely reductionist molecular perspective.
  • Components like molecules, supra-molecular assemblies, cells, tissues, organisms, and populations all interact to create emergent properties.

Chapter 14: Breathing and Exchange of Gases

  • Organisms need oxygen(O2) to indirectly break down molecules (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids) for energy.
  • Carbon Dioxide (CO2), produced as a byproduct of this process, is harmful and needs removal.
  • Breathing or respiration is the exchange of O2 from the atmosphere and CO2 produced by cells.
  • Mechanisms of breathing vary between animals based on habitat and organisation.
  • Some invertebrates exchange gases through their entire body surface.
  • Others, such as earthworms, use moist cuticles; insects utilize tracheal tubes.
  • Aquatic arthropods and molluscs use gills, while terrestrial animals use lungs.
  • Amphibians, such as frogs, can also breathe through their skin.

Chapter 14: Human Respiratory System

  • Human respiration begins with nostrils leading to nasal passages, which open into the pharynx.
  • The pharynx is a common passage for food and air, opening into the larynx.
  • The larynx, also known as the voice box, contains the epiglottis which prevents food from entering the trachea.
  • The trachea is a tube leading to the mid-thoracic cavity, branching into right and left primary bronchi.
  • Repeated divisions of the bronchi form secondary, tertiary bronchi, and bronchioles ending in alveoli, the air sacs where gas exchange occurs.
  • Lungs are covered with pleura, which reduces friction during breathing.

Chapter 14: Mechanism of Breathing

  • Breathing involves inspiration (inhaling) and expiration (exhaling).
  • Inspiration occurs when intrapulmonary pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure, causing air to flow into the lungs.
  • Expiration occurs when intrapulmonary pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure, forcing air out.
  • The diaphragm and intercostal muscles are vital in respiratory movements, altering thoracic volume affecting lung volume.

Chapter 14: Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

  • Tidal Volume (TV): The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath (approx. 500 mL).
  • Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): The extra volume of air that can be inhaled forcefully after a normal breath (approx. 2500-3000 mL).
  • Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): The extra volume of air that can be exhaled forcefully after a normal breath (approx. 1000-1100 mL).
  • Residual Volume (RV): The volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forceful exhalation (approx 1100-1200 mL).
  • Inspiratory Capacity (IC): Total volume inspired after a normal exhalation (TV + IRV)
  • Expiratory Capacity (EC): Total volume expired after a normal inspiration (TV + ERV)
  • Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation (RV + ERV)
  • Vital Capacity (VC): The maximum amount of air a person can move in and out of their lungs (TV + IRV + ERV)
  • Total Lung Capacity (TLC): The total volume of air the lungs can hold (VC + RV)

Chapter 14: Exchange of Gases

  • The process of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange occurs at alveoli and tissues.
  • Diffusion across membranes is driven by pressure gradients.
  • Partial pressures of different gases (pO2 and pCO2) are crucial for determining diffusion direction.
  • The gradient facilitates diffusion of gases from higher pressure regions to lower pressure regions.
  • Thickness and solubility of the exchange membranes affect diffusion rates.

Chapter 14: Transport of Gases

  • Haemoglobin carries most of the O2 in the blood (97%).
  • A small amount of O2 is dissolved in the plasma.
  • Hemoglobin binds reversibly with oxygen forming oxyhemoglobin.
  • Carbon dioxide (CO2) transport:
    • About 20-25% is carried as carbaminohemoglobin.
    • 70% as bicarbonate ions in the blood
    • A small amount dissolves in the plasma.

Chapter 14: Regulation of Respiration

  • Respiration is regulated by neural centres in the brain.
  • The respiratory rhythm centre in the medulla oblongata sets the basic rhythm; its activity is altered by the pneumotaxic centre in the pons.
  • Chemoreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid artery monitor blood gas levels (CO2, pH).
  • Changes in blood gas levels send signals to the respiratory centre to adjust breathing rate and depth.

Chapter 14: Disorders of the Respiratory System

  • Asthma: Chronic inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles, causing wheezing and difficulty breathing.
  • Emphysema: A chronic disease where alveolar walls are damaged, reducing the surface area for gas exchange.
  • Smoking is a significant cause of respiratory disorders; occupational hazards like dust in industries can also cause respiratory problems.

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Human Physiology Unit 5 PDF
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Description

Explore essential concepts in human physiology, including the reductionist approach and the importance of molecular interactions. This quiz delves into the processes of breathing and gas exchange, highlighting the necessity of oxygen and carbon dioxide removal for cellular function.

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