Questions and Answers
Define indulgences.
Indulgences forgive the punishment of sins and were significant to the Protestant Reformation.
What role did Martin Luther play in the start of the Protestant Reformation?
He helped initiate the Protestant Reformation with his beliefs against the Catholic Church in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517.
Why was the printing press significant to the Protestant Reformation?
It helped spread ideas through newspapers and books, facilitating the dissemination of Reformation writings.
What religious wars were fought in Europe?
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Define the Divine Right of Kings.
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What actions did European monarchs take to become more absolute in their power?
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What are the Islamic Gunpowder Empires?
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What regions did the Ottoman Empire expand into?
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What rivals did the Ottoman Empire have in Europe and the Middle East?
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Define devshirme and Janissaries.
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What system of tax collection did the Ottomans use to fund their empire?
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What religion unified the Safavid Empire?
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What level of religious tolerance existed in the Safavid Empire?
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In what region did the Mughal Empire develop and expand?
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What were zamindars in the Mughal Empire?
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What religion was in the minority in the Mughal Empire?
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Study Notes
Indulgences
- Indulgences forgive the punishment for sins within the Catholic Church.
- Played a significant role in the Protestant Reformation by allowing individuals to reduce punishment in the afterlife.
- Funded public charities, such as hospitals.
Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation
- Martin Luther's beliefs were foundational for Protestantism.
- Notably challenged the Catholic Church in Wittenberg, Germany, in 1517.
Printing Press Significance
- Invented by Johannes Gutenberg around 1450, pivotal in disseminating ideas through printed materials.
- Essential for spreading Protestant writings, enhancing the reach of Reformation ideas.
Religious Wars in Europe
- Major conflicts arose between Protestants and Roman Catholics, particularly during the French Wars of Religion starting in 1562.
- Huguenots, comprising French Protestants, played a crucial role in these religious wars.
Divine Right of Kings
- Concept advocated by James I, asserting that monarchs derive authority from God.
- Defended the notion of absolute monarchy, tracing its roots to the Middle Ages.
Actions of Absolute Monarchs
- King Louis XIV diminished the nobility's influence, centralizing power.
- Decline of church authority and rise in monarchic power correspond with belief in the divine right of kings.
- Centralized bureaucracy established, solidifying monarchs' control by 1789.
Islamic Gunpowder Empires
- Included three major empires: Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal.
- These empires thrived economically and politically in Western Europe.
Ottoman Empire Expansion
- Expanded into regions controlled by the Venetians, most notably capturing Constantinople in 1453.
- The conquest by Sultan Mehmed II centralized governance and marked a significant historical event.
Rivals of the Ottoman Empire
- Middle East conflict primarily with the Safavid Empire, rooted in Sunni vs. Shi'a religious differences.
- European rivals included the Spaniards and Venetians; post-Suleiman, the empire faced weak leadership, leading to vulnerability.
Devshirme and Janissaries
- Devshirme: System for recruiting Christian boys into military and government roles.
- Janissaries: Elite fighting force made up of devshirme recruits, loyal to the Sultan.
Ottoman Tax Collection System
- The iltizam system utilized peasant and farmer collections to fund the empire.
- It enabled the farming of land taxes and production of goods like wine and salt.
Religious Unity in the Safavid Empire
- Shi'a Islam provided a unifying force within the Safavid Empire.
- This faith differentiated the Safavids from the Ottoman Sunnis, enhancing their political authority.
Religious Tolerance in the Safavid Empire
- The Safavid Empire exhibited no tolerance towards religions other than Shi'a Islam.
- Christians and Hindus faced significant restrictions in the empire.
Mughal Empire Expansion
- The Mughal Empire developed and expanded primarily in South Asia.
Zamindars in the Mughal Empire
- Landowners known as zamindars facilitated agricultural settlements by supporting farmers through loans and land leasing.
- They played a key role in the agricultural economy and administration of the empire.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts from Unit 3 of AP World History with these flashcards. Each card provides definitions and explanations of critical terms that played a significant role in historical events, such as indulgences and their connection to the Protestant Reformation.
