Unit 2: Soil Types

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following materials is NOT considered a major soil type?

  • Sand
  • Gravel
  • Silt
  • Limestone (correct)

According to the AASHTO classification system, what is the maximum grain size (in mm) for sand particles?

  • 76.2
  • 0.075
  • 0.002
  • 2 (correct)

What is the primary distinction between coarse-grained and fine-grained soil?

  • Density
  • Presence of organic matter
  • Mineral composition
  • pH level
  • Particle size (correct)
  • Color
  • Water content
  • Location in the soil profile

Which of the following soil types would require magnification to be seen?

<p>Clay (A), Silt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these organizations is NOT mentioned as contributing to the classification of soil types?

<p>National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about clay is NOT true based on the provided text?

<p>Clay is classified as a cohesive soil due to its strong bond when submerged in water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, what property allows a soil to be deformed without cracking or significant volume change?

<p>Plasticity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following descriptions best characterizes cohesionless soil?

<p>Soil that lacks significant strength when air-dried and has minimal cohesion when submerged. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the parent material of a soil?

<p>The original material from which a soil has been derived. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would be classified as a cohesive soil based on the provided information?

<p>Clay (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between silt and clay?

<p>Silt has negligible plasticity, while clay has a significant degree of plasticity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, soil structure refers to:

<p>The way in which soil particles are bound together. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would be considered a coarse-grained soil?

<p>Gravel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary criterion for categorizing soil types?

<p>Particle size (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property is used when soil particle size is too small to be observed?

<p>Plasticity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significantly influences the properties and behaviors of soils apart from particle size?

<p>Mineralogical composition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to recognize various soil properties in engineering applications?

<p>To determine suitability for design and construction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the ability of soil to deform?

<p>Plasticity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of soil is characterized by the interaction with water according to the content?

<p>Cohesive soils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of understanding clay mineralogy in soils?

<p>It relates directly to soil properties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following aspects is NOT covered in the examination of soil types?

<p>Soil types defined by organic content (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mineral constituent of kaolin?

<p>Kaolinite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property of a soil refers to its ability to decrease in volume when under load?

<p>Compressibility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of structure is characterized by individual soil particles and is typical of coarse-grained soils?

<p>Single-grained Structure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the effect of remolding on the consistency of cohesive soil?

<p>Sensitivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the thixotropic process in a soil material?

<p>A change to a soft consistency upon agitation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the structure created by the repulsion of clay particles leading to face-to-face orientation?

<p>Dispersed Structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral is known for its ability to swell when wet and shrink upon drying?

<p>Montmorillinite (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the removal of soluble soil material by percolating water?

<p>Leaching (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary basis for categorizing soil types when particle size is easily observable?

<p>Particle size (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Beyond particle size, what additional property is used to categorize soils with extremely small particles that cannot be directly observed?

<p>Plasticity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is also used in addition to particle size to help understand soil properties?

<p>Soil structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT explicitly mentioned in the text as a factor influencing soil behavior?

<p>Vegetative cover (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does plasticity of a soil directly indicate?

<p>Its ability to deform (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial aspect of understanding soil that the module aims to highlight?

<p>The different clay minerals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of particle size in relation to soil categorization?

<p>It serves as a foundational criterion for categorizing soil. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a core aim of the module?

<p>Highlight the importance of water content in soil behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a cohesive soil from a cohesionless soil?

<p>Cohesive soil has significant cohesion when submerged, while cohesionless soil has little or no cohesion when submerged. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best defines 'soil texture'?

<p>The size, shape, arrangement, and crystallinity of component particles and related void characteristics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are 'colloidal particles' defined in the context of soil?

<p>Particles that are so small that surface activity significantly influences the properties of the aggregate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a 'non-plastic' soil?

<p>It lacks the properties of plasticity and does not retain shape on drying. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what particle size distinguishes 'clay' from other soil types?

<p>Particles finer than 0.002 mm (or 0.005 mm in some cases). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes 'silt'?

<p>It is non-plastic or very slightly plastic and exhibits little or no strength when air-dried. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the property of soil that allows it to deform without cracking or significant volume change?

<p>Plasticity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a 'soil' according to the provided information?

<p>All material located above bedrock including mineral particles and organic material; or sediments and other unconsolidated accumulations of solid particles produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks, which may or may not contain organic matter. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary groups into which soil types are categorized?

<p>Coarse-grained soil and fine-grained soil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the AASHTO classification system, what is the minimum grain size (in mm) for gravel particles?

<p>2 mm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following soils is classified as fine-grained soil?

<p>Clay (B), Silt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between gravel and sand based on their grain sizes according to the AASHTO classification system?

<p>Gravel has larger particles than sand (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organization is NOT involved in determining the classification of soil types?

<p>U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral is characterized by its ability to swell when wet and shrink upon drying?

<p>Montmorillonite (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the ability of a soil to stiffen when standing but become fluid upon agitation?

<p>Thixotropy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of kaolin?

<p>Kaolinite (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of soil structure is typified by the arrangement of individual soil particles?

<p>Single-grained Structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property pertains to a soil's susceptibility to decrease in volume when subjected to load?

<p>Compressibility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the removal of soluble soil materials by percolating water?

<p>Leaching (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the structure caused by the aggregation of minute soil particles?

<p>Flocculent Structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to soil that has had its natural structure altered by manipulation?

<p>Remolded Soil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, what does 'interstitial' refer to?

<p>The spaces between soil particles or within rocks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction, based on particle size observability, between coarse-grained and fine-grained soils?

<p>Coarse-grained soils can be seen without magnification, while fine-grained soils require magnification. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum grain size (in mm) for silt, according to the AASHTO classification system?

<p>0.002 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately represents the grain size relationship between gravel and sand, according to the AASHTO classification system?

<p>Gravel has a larger grain size than sand. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these clay minerals is characterized by a sheet-like structure prone to swelling when wet?

<p>Montmorillinite (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the arrangement of soil particles in a loosely packed, stable structure resembling a honeycomb?

<p>Honeycomb Structure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A soil's consistency, which influences how readily it deforms, is most directly affected by its:

<p>Sensitivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of a soil undergoing thixotropy when left standing?

<p>Stiffening in a relatively short time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'leaching' in soil science specifically refers to:

<p>The removal of soluble materials by percolating water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of soil structure is produced when clay particles are repelled from each other, leading to a face-to-face orientation?

<p>Dispersed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary factor influencing the assessment of soil suitability for engineering applications, as highlighted in the provided text?

<p>Temperature fluctuations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes a 'remolded' soil?

<p>A soil that has had its natural structure altered by manipulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main criterion for categorizing soils when particle size is readily discernible?

<p>Particle size (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the formation of loose, open clusters of soil particles in a suspension?

<p>Flocs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of evaluating the plasticity of a soil?

<p>To assess its ability to deform (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a key factor, in addition to particle size, that significantly impacts soil properties and behavior?

<p>Soil structure and mineralogical composition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of soil behaviour is MOST affected by its plasticity?

<p>The soil's ability to deform (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cohesive soils primarily characterized by, according to the text?

<p>Small particle sizes and high plasticity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the role of water in soil behavior?

<p>Water content is the primary factor determining soil categorization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is being evaluated when determining the soil's consistency?

<p>The soil's ability to deform (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'soil structure'?

<p>The arrangement and aggregation of soil particles in a soil mass. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinguishing characteristic of a 'cohesive soil' according to the text provided?

<p>It has considerable strength when air-dried, and significant cohesion when submerged. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between 'silt' and 'clay' based on the information provided?

<p>Silt is non-plastic, or very slightly plastic, while clay exhibits considerable plasticity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes the 'parent material' of a soil?

<p>The material from which the soil has been derived. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'plasticity' refer to in the context of soil properties?

<p>The ability to deform beyond the point of recovery without cracking or volume change. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the provided text, how are 'collodial particles' characterized?

<p>They are particles so small that their surface activity has an appreciable influence on the aggregate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a 'non-plastic' soil from other soil types, according to the text?

<p>It lacks the properties of plasticity, meaning it does not exhibit a range of water contents over which it exhibits plasticity and will not retain its shape on drying. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main feature of 'soil texture' as defined in the provided text?

<p>The geometrical aspects consisting of size, shape, arrangement, and crystallinity of the component particles and voids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Soil

Everything above bedrock, including minerals, organic matter, and weathered rock fragments.

Soil Structure

The way soil particles are arranged and clumped together.

Coarse-grained Soils

Soils made of coarse particles like gravel and sand.

Fine-grained Soils

Soils made of fine particles like silt and clay.

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Clay

The fine part of soil that can be molded like clay.

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Clay Size

Soil particles smaller than 0.002 mm.

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Cohesive Soil

Soils that hold their shape when dry and remain strong when submerged in water.

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Cohesionless Soil

Soils that don't hold their shape when dry and lose strength when submerged in water.

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Plasticity

The ability of a soil to deform under stress, indicating its consistency.

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Soil Type

A group of soils classified based on particle size, shape, and plasticity.

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Soil Strength

A measure of a soil's ability to resist compression.

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Clay Minerals

Microscopic minerals responsible for cohesive behaviour and other soil properties.

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Clay Mineralogy

The study of clay minerals and their properties, essential for understanding soil behavior.

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Interstitial

A substance found between grains or in the pores of rocks or soil.

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Particle size classification system

A set of standardized guidelines for classifying soil types based on particle size.

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Kaolinite

A common clay mineral with the formula Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4, primarily found in kaolin.

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Illite

A significant rock-forming mineral, a main component of shales and other argillaceous rocks.

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Montmorillonite

A group of clay minerals with a sheet-like structure, consisting of fine, hydrous aluminum or magnesium silicates that swell when wet and shrink when dry.

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Compressibility

The property of a soil or rock that describes its ability to decrease in volume under load.

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Strength

The maximum stress a material can withstand before failure for a specific type of loading.

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Consistency

The relative ease with which a soil can be deformed.

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Flocculent Structure

An arrangement of soil particles in flocs, rather than individual particles.

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Sensitivity

The effect of remolding on the consistency of a cohesive soil.

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Colloidal Particles

Particles so small that their surface properties significantly affect the behavior of the whole mass.

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Parent Material

Material from which a soil has been derived.

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Texture

The geometrical aspects of soil particles, including size, shape, arrangement, and crystallinity, which influence its properties.

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Clay (Clay Soil)

Fine-grained soil exhibiting plasticity when wet and significant strength when dry.

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Thixotropy

The property of a material that enables it to stiffen in a relatively short time on standing, but upon agitation or manipulation to change to a very soft consistency or to a fluid of high viscosity; the process being completely reversible. Imagine a thick pudding that becomes liquid when you stir it.

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What are the main soil types?

Soil is classified into four main types: gravel, sand, silt, and clay. Gravel and sand are considered coarse-grained soils due to their visible particle size. Clay and silt, with smaller particles, are categorized as fine-grained soils.

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Why are gravel and sand called coarse-grained soils?

Gravel and sand are classified as coarse-grained soils because their individual particles are large enough to be seen without magnification.

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Why are clay and silt called fine-grained soils?

Clay and silt are classified as fine-grained soils because their particles are too small to see without magnification.

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What does "interstitial" mean?

Interstitial means occurring between the grains or in the pores of rock or soil.

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Who sets the standards for classifying soil types?

The accepted ranges for classifying soil types are determined by standard classification systems like ASTM, AASHTO, and USDA.

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What is Plasticity?

A property of a soil that describes its ability to deform under pressure, indicating its consistency. It’s how ‘squishy’ the soil feels.

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What is a Soil Type?

A group of soils categorized based on particle size, shape, and plasticity. It’s like sorting rocks by size based on a set of rules.

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What is Soil Structure?

The arrangement and clumping of soil particles, determining the soil’s overall behavior. It’s like how bricks are stacked in a wall, affecting its strength.

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What are Clay Minerals?

These are the tiny, invisible minerals that give clay its special characteristics, such as its stickiness and water-holding capacity.

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What is a Cohesionless Soil?

Soils characterized by particles that don’t stick together when dry and weaken when submerged in water. They are typically made up of larger particles.

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What is a Cohesive Soil?

Soils that hold their shape when dry and remain strong when submerged in water. They are typically made up of smaller particles.

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Why is particle size important in Soil Classification?

A primary classification of soils is based on particle size. These soils have visible particles, like sand or gravel, allowing them to be easily categorized.

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Why is Clay Mineralogy important?

Understanding the relationship between clay minerals and their properties is crucial for predicting soil behavior and engineering applications. It’s like understanding the chemistry of clay.

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What is soil?

Soil is all the material found above bedrock. It includes minerals, organic matter, and weathered rock fragments.

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What are the four main soil types?

The four main soil types are gravel, sand, silt, and clay.

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Why are gravel and sand called coarse-grained?

Gravel and sand are considered coarse-grained soils because their particles are large enough to be seen without magnification.

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Why are clay and silt called fine-grained?

Clay and silt are considered fine-grained soils because their particles are too small to be seen without magnification.

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Study Notes

Unit 2: Soil Types

  • Soil types are categorized based on particle size and plasticity
  • Soil properties are influenced by particle size, structure, and mineralogical composition
  • Soil properties influence engineering applications like roadway embankment, culvert installation, and sewage lagoons
  • Soil is all material above bedrock, including mineral particles, organic matter, and unconsolidated accumulations of solid particles.

2.2.0 Definitions of Key Terms

  • Soil: All material above bedrock, including mineral particles, organic matter, and unconsolidated accumulations of solid particles.
  • Soil Structure: The arrangement and state of aggregation of soil particles in a soil mass.
  • Coarse-grained Soil: Soils made of gravel and/or sand.
  • Fine-grained Soil: Soils made of silt and/or clay. Clay is a fine-grained soil that exhibits plasticity (putty-like properties) at certain water contents and considerable strength when air-dried.
  • Clay Size: Particles finer than 0.002 mm (0.005mm in some cases)

2.3.0 Soil Types

  • Soil classification is determined by particle size (gravel, sand, silt, clay)
  • Coarse-grained soils are visible without magnification
  • Fine-grained soils (silt and clay) require enhancement to visualize
  • Classifications use systems like AASHTO, ASTM, and USDA

2.3.1 Particle Size and Shape

  • Particle size and shape influence the mechanical behavior of soils
  • Round particles do not interlock, while angular particles do
  • Flat particles can form planes of weakness, potentially leading to failure.
  • Fine-grained soils (silt and clay) consist of small particles whose behavior is heavily affected by water.
  • Silt particles are small and spherical, while clay particles are flat. These particles rarely get smaller than 2 microns

2.4.0 Soil Structure

  • Soil structure describes the arrangement of soil particles
  • Cohesionless soils have little to no strength when dry or submerged. Their structure resembles stacked particles.
  • Void ratio (e): The ratio of void volume to solid particle volume, indicating strength, compressibility, and permeability
  • Smaller void ratio indicates higher strength and lower compressibility/permeability
  • This ratio is affected by factors like particle shape and arrangement, and external forces

2.4.1 Cohesionless Soils

  • These soils have little to no strength when dry or submerged.
  • Particle arrangement is relatively stable, with particles in contact with neighboring particles.
  • Void ratio (e) affects strength and compressibility.
  • Loose states of cohesionless soil may be prone to quick volume reductions and strength loss under shock or vibrations

2.4.2 Cohesive Soils

  • Cohesive soils exhibit inherent strength when dry or submerged.
  • Their particle structure controls strength, shape, and surface characteristics; often influenced by mineralogy and the chemical weathering process
  • Clay properties, like swelling and plasticity, are determined by composition.
  • Structure is affected by interaction of the clay particles with each other and the liquids (water) present.

2.4.3 Clay Minerals

  • Kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite (smectite) are common clay minerals.

2.5.0 Clay Mineralogy

  • Clay soil mineralogy differs from granular soil mineralogy
  • Clay surfaces have a net negative electrical charge, influenced by the arrangement of ions
  • This affects behavior due to the high surface-area-to-mass ratio

2.5.1 Clay Structure

  • Clay soil structure is dictated by mineral composition and inter-particle forces.
  • Net negative charge on clay particles and positive/negative charges on water interact, leading to various structures
  • Flocculated structure: Clay particles are attracted to edge-to-face arrangements, due to attractive forces from water
  • Dispersed Structure: Parallel arrangements of particles with reduced cohesion. This can occur if salts are leached or water erodes flocculated structures

2.6.0 Soil Microstructure

  • Soil microstructure describes mineral and rock grains' arrangements, voids, interstitial water, and air.
  • Various structures include single-grain, wedge-block, massive, dispersed massive, and layered structures. This is determined by factors like particle contact, water, salts, and external forces.

2.7.0 Questions and Practical Problems

  • This section provides a list of questions about soil types for further analysis and detailed study.

2.8.0 Web Resources

  • Contains sources and links for further research on soil.

2.9.0 References

  • Listing of research papers and books. Including titles, authors, and publishing information.

2.10.0 & 2.11.0 Field Pictures 1 & 2

  • Visual representations of soil types
  • Description of the pictures, if available, could be added

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