History Midterm

The policy or practice of a stronger nation extending its power and influence over weaker nations or territories.

The act of incorporating a territory or region into a country.

A newspaper publisher known for his sensationalist style of journalism called "yellow journalism". His newspaper The New York Journal fueled public support for the Spanish-American War by publishing inflammatory stories about Spanish actions in Cuba.

A newspaper publisher who, like Hearst, used yellow journalism to stir public sentiment in favor of the Spanish-American War. His newspaper The New York World played a key role in promoting U.S. intervention in Cuba.

The application of Charles Darwin’s theories of natural selection to human societies. Often used to justify imperialism by arguing that stronger nations were naturally destined to dominate weaker ones promoting "survival of the fittest."

A 19th-century belief that God destined the United States to expand across the North American continent. Initially applied to westward expansion, the concept later justified U.S. imperialism in territories.

An intense sense of pride and loyalty to one's nation. It often drove countries to expand their power and influence to demonstrate their superiority on the global stage.

A U.S. naval officer and historian whose influential book, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, argued that national power was tied to naval supremacy. His ideas strongly influenced U.S. imperialist policies and the buildup of the U.S. Navy.

This style of journalism focuses on sensationalism and grabbing attention, often overemphasizing drama and neglecting factual accuracy. Hearst and Pulitzer's newspapers used this technique to influence public opinion, especially during the lead-up to the Spanish-American War.

A U.S. naval officer who commanded the American fleet that destroyed the Spanish fleet in the decisive Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War. His victory paved the way for U.S. control of the Philippines.

This 1898 resolution was passed by Congress to formally annex Hawaii, making it a U.S. territory.

The last monarch of Hawaii, Queen Liliuokalani, was overthrown in 1893 by American business interests, who sought to incorporate Hawaii for its strategic location and economic advantages.

The Spanish Ambassador to the United States, Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, wrote a private letter criticizing U.S. President William McKinley as weak and seeking only public favor. The letter was intercepted and published, which angered many Americans and escalated tensions between the U.S. and Spain.

A volunteer cavalry regiment, led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War. They became famous for their charge up San Juan Hill in Cuba, a key factor in the U.S. victory.

This treaty ended the Spanish-American War. Spain ceded control of its territories, including the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico, to the United States, marking the start of the U.S. as a colonial power.

The U.S. battleship Maine exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898. The cause of the explosion was unclear, but it was largely blamed on Spain, leading to a surge of public support for war, and ultimately the outbreak of the Spanish-American War.

This act established a civilian government in Puerto Rico after it became a U.S. territory, allowing for limited self-governance with a governor and an executive council appointed by the U.S. president.

This amendment, added to the Cuban Constitution in 1901, granted the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and maintain a naval base at Guantánamo Bay. It symbolized continued U.S. influence in Cuba after its independence.

The U.S. Navy officer responsible for leading the successful expedition to Japan, which resulted in the Treaty of Kanagawa, opening Japan to Western trade and influence.

These landmark Supreme Court cases ruled that constitutional rights did not automatically extend to all U.S. territories. Congress could decide which rights applied, leading to a distinction between incorporated and unincorporated territories, with the latter lacking full constitutional protection.

Following the Spanish-American War, this nickname was given to the conflict, reflecting the perception of the war as relatively short and successful for the United States.

A pre-war alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, formed before World War I.

A region in Southeastern Europe that was a hotbed of political tensions and ethnic conflicts before World War I.

The president of the United States during World War I, known for his commitment to neutrality and his Fourteen Points peace plan after the war.

A statement by President Wilson outlining the United States' initial stance of neutrality in World War I, pledging impartiality in thought and action.

The practice of negotiating between countries to manage relations and resolve conflicts peacefully without resorting to war.

A significant battle in September 1914 where Allied forces halted the German advance into France, marking the start of trench warfare on the Western Front.

A German naval strategy during World War I that involved sinking ships, including civilian vessels, without warning.

A military strategy used by the Allies during World War I to cut off supplies to the Central Powers by sealing off ports and preventing ships from entering or leaving.

A policy advocated by some in the United States before it entered World War I, which called for military readiness in case of involvement in the conflict.

A situation in a war where neither side can gain a decisive advantage, resulting in a prolonged and bloody conflict.

A military strategy aimed at wearing down the enemy through sustained losses in personnel and material, often involving heavy casualties and long periods of fighting.

The main battleground in Western Europe during World War I, primarily in Belgium and France, characterized by trench warfare and bloody battles.

The main battleground in Eastern Europe during World War I, primarily in Russia, characterized by vast distances and brutal fighting.

A German military strategy designed to quickly defeat France by invading Belgium and then turning to fight Russia.

A major event in 1917 that led to the removal of Tsar Nicholas II and the rise of the Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin, transforming Russia into a communist state.

A conflict between the United States and Filipino revolutionaries, occurring from 1899 to 1902, after the Spanish-American War.

A military strategy where everything potentially useful to the enemy is destroyed, often leading to the devastation of villages and crops.

Camps established by the U.S. to forcibly relocate Filipino civilians from rural areas to controlled zones, aiming to prevent them from aiding guerilla fighters.

He led the Filipino rebellions against Spain first, and then the United States.

The first American Governor of the Philippines (1901-1904), he focused on improving infrastructure and education.

Legislation that pledged eventual independence for the Philippines, although the exact timeline for this independence was not specified.

Areas where foreign nations exert significant economic and political influence.

A US foreign policy that called for equal trading opportunities in China and the preservation of its territorial integrity.

A violent uprising in China in 1900 led by the Boxers, a secret society, to eliminate foreign influence.

Conflict between Russia and Japan over territories in Manchuria, ending with a treaty negotiated by President Teddy Roosevelt.

An informal agreement between the US and Japan aimed at reducing tensions over Japanese immigration.

U.S. foreign policy warning European countries against further colonization in the Western Hemisphere.

The U.S. Secretary of State who promoted the Open Door Policy and helped end the Spanish-American War.

An extension of the Monroe Doctrine, asserting the right of the U.S. to intervene militarily in Latin America to maintain stability.

A powerful naval fleet assembled by President Theodore Roosevelt, that sailed around the world, demonstrating American strength.

Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy approach, emphasizing diplomacy backed by military strength.

A treaty that granted the U.S. exclusive rights to build the Panama Canal in exchange for recognizing Panama's independence.

A man-made waterway in Central America connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, significantly reducing travel time.

President William Howard Taft's foreign policy focused on promoting U.S. economic interests through investments.

Woodrow Wilson's foreign policy approach, aiming to promote U.S. ideals and morality through diplomacy.

Mexican revolutionary leader who raided the town of Columbus, New Mexico, in 1916, prompting U.S. intervention in Mexico.

A series of programs implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to address the Great Depression, focusing on providing immediate relief, stimulating economic recovery, and enacting long-term reforms to prevent future economic crises.

Radio broadcasts delivered by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression, where he spoke directly to the American people, explaining his New Deal policies and reassuring the public.

A government agency created to restore confidence in the banking system by insuring deposits up to a certain amount, protecting people from losing their savings.

A law that temporarily closed all banks in the United States to stop bank runs and prevent further bank failures.

The government agency responsible for regulating the stock market to prevent fraud and manipulation, protecting investors.

An economic theory advocating for increased government spending during economic downturns to stimulate demand and pull the economy out of a recession.

Government-funded projects like building roads, bridges, and schools, designed to create jobs and improve infrastructure.

A program aimed at stabilizing agricultural prices by reducing overproduction. The government paid farmers to reduce crops and livestock production.

A government agency responsible for developing the Tennessee Valley region, constructing dams, generating electricity, and controlling floods.

A program that provided jobs for young men in conservation projects like planting trees and building parks.

A plan to ease the financial burden on Germany after World War I by rescheduling their reparations payments, supported by U.S. loans.

A leading figure of the Harlem Renaissance, known for his poetry and works that highlighted the African American experience including the famous poem "I, Too."

A series of raids conducted by the U.S. government during the Red Scare to arrest and deport suspected radicals, anarchists, and communists.

A term used to describe the 1920s.

Young women in the 1920s who defied traditional gender roles by embracing new fashions, behaviors, and social freedoms such as wearing short dresses, smoking, and drinking in speakeasies.

A famous actress and cultural icon of the 1920s known for her role as the "It Girl" symbolizing the era's evolving gender norms and attitudes.

A popular silent film actress, known as "America's Sweetheart."

A period of fear and suspicion of communism and radical political movements in the U.S. after World War I leading to widespread paranoia and the persecution of suspected communists.

Two Italian immigrants and anarchists who were convicted of murder and executed in 1927 despite questionable evidence reflecting the era's anti-immigrant and anti-radical sentiments.

A social movement in Harlem, New York, during the 1920s that celebrated African American culture.

A high school teacher who was tried in the Scopes "Monkey" Trial for teaching evolution in violation of Tennessee's Butler Act.

A 1925 trial in Tennessee that challenged the state's ban on teaching evolution in public schools highlighting the conflict between modern scientific ideas and traditional religious beliefs.

A severe worldwide economic downturn that lasted from 1929 to 1939. It was characterized by massive unemployment, business failures, and widespread poverty.

The total value of goods and services produced within a country. During the Great Depression, the GDP plummeted as businesses failed and production slowed.

The natural rise and fall of economic growth over time. The Great Depression is an example of a severe contraction and trough in the business cycle.

The peace treaty between Russia and the Central Powers, signed in 1918, ending Russia's involvement in World War I.

The commander of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) during World War I, known for his leadership in the Western Front.

The last major German offensive on the Western Front during World War I, which turned the tide in favor of the Allies. The battle marked a significant turning point, leading to a series of Allied victories that ultimately resulted in Germany's defeat.

The formal peace treaty that ended World War I, imposing harsh penalties on Germany.

Woodrow Wilson's plan for establishing a just and secure peace after World War I, consisting of 14 points to promote international cooperation and prevent future wars.

An international organization aimed at maintaining world peace, proposed by Woodrow Wilson but the US did not join.

The principle that nations have the right to choose their own political status and sovereignty.

Compensation payments made by the loser of a war to the victor; Germany had to pay reparations for its role in World War I.

A clause in the Treaty of Versailles that required Germany to accept sole responsibility for starting World War I.

A group of Senators who strongly opposed the Treaty of Versailles, refusing to compromise or accept it.

A group of Senators who supported the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations, willing to participate in international cooperation.

A group of Senators who had reservations about the Treaty of Versailles, wanting amendments to address concerns about limiting Congress's power to declare war and entangling the US in foreign conflicts.

A new country formed after World War I, uniting various South Slavic nations.

The remnant of the Ottoman Empire following World War I, encompassing parts of modern-day Turkey and other territories.

A system established by the League of Nations after World War I to permit victorious powers to govern former Ottoman territories.

A meeting of the Allied powers following World War I to negotiate the terms of peace and shape the future of Europe and other affected regions.

Pioneer of the assembly line and mass production techniques, revolutionizing the automobile industry with the introduction of the Model T automobile.

The nationwide ban on the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol in the United States, which led to widespread illegal alcohol trade.

Constitutional amendment that prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages.

Specified the rules for defining alcoholic beverages and prosecuting violations during Prohibition.

Repealed the 18th Amendment, ending Prohibition.

Individuals involved in the illegal transportation and smuggling of alcoholic beverages over sea and water during Prohibition.

A person who illegally produced, smuggled, or sold alcoholic beverages during Prohibition.

Illicit bars or clubs where alcohol was served during the Prohibition era.

Famous American football player on the Chicago Bears, known as "The Galloping Ghost", who helped popularize the sport.

Baseball legend nicknamed the Sultan of Swat, Colossus of Clout, and Great Bambino, who played for the Boston Red Sox and New York Yankees.

Iconic silent film actor and director known for his comedic performances.

Influential jazz musician who played the trumpet and scatted.

Influential jazz composer and musician who played the piano.

Aviator who made the first solo non-stop transatlantic flight.

A Lost Generation author known for "The Sun Also Rises" and "A Farewell to Arms."

A Lost Generation author best known for "The Great Gatsby."

A group of American writers disillusioned by World War I including Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald who felt disconnected from American society.

Infamous mobster and bootlegger during Prohibition in Chicago, IL.

Famous boxer who became heavyweight champion, symbolizing the spirit of the Roaring Twenties.

Iconic blues singer known as the "Empress of the Blues."

U.S. President during the Roaring Twenties whose campaign slogan was "A Return to Normalcy".

Harding's campaign promises to return to pre-World War I conditions by emphasizing isolationism and a return to conservative values.

President following Harding, known for his pro-business policies and support for international agreements like the Dawes Plan and Kellogg-Briand Pact.

An international agreement aimed at preventing war by renouncing the use of war as a means of resolving disputes between countries.

A political scandal during Warren G. Harding's presidency involving the illegal leasing of federal oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming to private companies.