History Midterm
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary aim of the First New Deal?

  • To provide relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression (correct)
  • To create international trade agreements
  • To increase military spending
  • To promote isolationism

    • The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) was created to insure bank deposits and restore confidence in the banking system.

    True (A)

    What is the main purpose of the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)?

    To stabilize agricultural prices by reducing overproduction.

    The _____ was created to provide electricity to rural areas.

    <p>Rural Electrification Administration (REA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following New Deal programs with their descriptions:

    <p>Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) = Provided jobs for young men in environmental projects Social Security = Financial support for retirees and the unemployed Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) = Developed the Tennessee Valley through infrastructure projects Public Works Administration (PWA) = Oversaw large public infrastructure projects like roads and schools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following programs aimed specifically at regulating the stock market?

    <p>Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) set standards for only minimum wage and does not address child labor.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed a pension plan for Americans over the age of 60?

    <p>Francis Townsend</p> Signup and view all the answers

    FDR's radio broadcasts used to communicate with the public are known as _____ chats.

    <p>Fireside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which act aimed to protect workers' rights to organize labor unions?

    <p>Wagner Act (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event led to the outbreak of the Spanish-American War?

    <p>Explosion of the U.S.S. Maine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Platt Amendment gave Cuba complete independence after the Spanish-American War.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who led the Rough Riders during the Spanish-American War?

    <p>Theodore Roosevelt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Treaty of Paris (1898) resulted in the cession of the Philippines, Guam, and ______ to the United States.

    <p>Puerto Rico</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Yellow Journalism?

    <p>Sensationalism over factual reporting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following individuals with their roles during the Spanish-American War:

    <p>William McKinley = President of the United States George Dewey = Commander of U.S. naval forces in the Philippines Queen Liliuokalani = Last monarch of Hawaii Enrique Dupuy de Lôme = Spanish Ambassador to the U.S.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Bayonet Constitution increased the power of the Hawaiian king.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main purpose of the International Pan-American Conference?

    <p>To foster cooperation between the U.S. and Latin American nations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ Act established a civilian government in Puerto Rico after it became a U.S. territory.

    <p>Foraker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key result of the Spanish-American War?

    <p>Cession of American territories from Spain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The De Lome Letter criticized President McKinley for being too aggressive in foreign affairs.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nickname was given to the Spanish-American War?

    <p>A Splendid Little War</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ Amendment stated that the U.S. would not annex Cuba following the Spanish-American War.

    <p>Teller</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who led the Filipino rebellions against both the Spanish and the United States?

    <p>Emilio Aguinaldo (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What decision did the Insular Cases establish regarding U.S. territories?

    <p>That constitutional rights do not automatically extend to all U.S. territories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Jones Act promised immediate independence for the Philippines.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What military strategy involves destroying resources that might be useful to the enemy?

    <p>Scorched-earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ was a man-made waterway that significantly reduced travel time between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

    <p>Panama Canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following individuals with their significance:

    <p>William Howard Taft = First Governor of the Philippines John Hay = Promoted the Open Door Policy Gavrilo Princip = Assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand Theodore Roosevelt = Promoted Big Stick Diplomacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key cause of tensions leading to World War I?

    <p>Militarism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Great White Fleet was sent to demonstrate American naval power to Japan.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major event triggered the start of World War I?

    <p>Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ was an informal agreement between the U.S. and Japan regarding immigration.

    <p>Gentlemen’s Agreement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a foreign policy approach of Woodrow Wilson?

    <p>Moral Diplomacy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Central Powers during World War I included the United States.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to areas where foreign nations control significant economic and political influence?

    <p>Spheres of Influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ was a violent uprising in China in 1900 aimed at eliminating foreign influence.

    <p>Boxer Rebellion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country was NOT a part of the Triple Alliance?

    <p>France (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following foreign policies with their descriptions:

    <p>Dollar Diplomacy = Promotes U.S. economic interests Open Door Policy = Calls for equal trading opportunities in China Roosevelt Corollary = Right to intervene in Latin American affairs Big Stick Diplomacy = Diplomacy backed by military strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Woodrow Wilson's slogan 'He kept us out of the war' indicated his commitment to U.S. neutrality.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of the War Industries Board (WIB)?

    <p>To coordinate the production of war materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ was a military strategy used by the Allies to cut off supplies to the Central Powers.

    <p>blockade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following military campaigns to their descriptions:

    <p>Gallipoli Campaign = Allied attack on the Ottoman Empire to secure trade routes Salonika Campaign = Allied forces attacked Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria to support Serbia Mesopotamia Campaign = Allied attack on the Ottoman Empire in modern-day Iraq Egypt-Palestine Campaign = Allies targeted the Suez Canal and Ottoman resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which battle marked the beginning of trench warfare on the Western Front?

    <p>First Battle of the Marne (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unrestricted Submarine Warfare allowed German submarines to sink any ship without warning.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the leader of the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution.

    <p>Vladimir Lenin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ was a secret communication from Germany proposing an alliance with Mexico.

    <p>Zimmerman Telegram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the individual with their action during World War I:

    <p>Eugene V. Debs = Arrested for an anti-war speech Charles Schenck = Charged for anti-war pamphlets George Creel = Head of CPI and shaped public perception Bernard Baruch = Chaired the War Industries Board</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

    <p>A peace treaty between Russia and the Central Powers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the Espionage Act?

    <p>To make disloyal activities illegal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Sussex Pledge aimed to restrict unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Fourteen Points were proposed by German leaders to negotiate peace.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'No Man’s Land' refer to in warfare?

    <p>The territory between opposing trench lines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was known as the commander of American forces in Europe during World War I?

    <p>General John J. Pershing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ___________ was the international organization aimed at maintaining world peace after World War I.

    <p>League of Nations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ was a medical condition caused by prolonged exposure to wet and cold conditions in the trenches.

    <p>trench foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following figures with their contributions:

    <p>Henry Ford = Pioneer of mass production techniques Babe Ruth = Baseball legend Warren G. Harding = President during the Roaring Twenties Ernest Hemingway = Lost Generation author</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amendment repealed Prohibition?

    <p>21st Amendment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Teapot Dome Scandal involved the illegal leasing of federal oil reserves during Calvin Coolidge's presidency.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the nickname given to American soldiers during World War I?

    <p>Doughboys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ___________ clause in the Treaty of Versailles made Germany accept responsibility for starting World War I.

    <p>war guilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who became famous for making the first solo nonstop transatlantic flight?

    <p>Charles Lindbergh (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Prohibition era led to the creation of speakeasies.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the popular term for individuals involved in the illegal transportation of alcohol during Prohibition?

    <p>Rum Runners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___________ is considered an influential jazz musician known for playing the trumpet.

    <p>Louis Armstrong</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of senators was known for being unwilling to compromise on the Treaty of Versailles?

    <p>Irreconcilables (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary objective of the Dawes Plan?

    <p>To ease the financial burden on Germany by rescheduling reparations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Langston Hughes was a major figure during the Harlem Renaissance.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was responsible for the Palmer Raids?

    <p>A. Mitchell Palmer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ was a series of economic challenges in the U.S. during the 1930s characterized by mass unemployment.

    <p>Great Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to the Great Depression with their correct definitions:

    <p>Stock = A share in the ownership of a company Panic Selling = Rapid selling of stocks out of fear of loss Bull Market = A period of rising stock prices Bear Market = A period of falling stock prices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event is known as Black Tuesday?

    <p>The collapse of the stock market on October 29, 1929 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the president who implemented the New Deal.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the term 'Hoovervilles' refer to during the Great Depression?

    <p>Makeshift shantytowns for homeless people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ was a social movement in the 1920s that celebrated African American culture.

    <p>Harlem Renaissance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following individuals with their roles:

    <p>Mary Pickford = Silent film actress, known as 'America's Sweetheart' Clara Bow = Cultural icon known as 'The It Girl' John Scopes = Teacher tried in the Scopes 'Monkey' Trial Sacco and Vanzetti = Italian immigrants convicted of murder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'Buying on the Margin'?

    <p>Purchasing stocks with borrowed money (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Dust Bowl was characterized by an abundance of rainfall in the Great Plains.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Rugged Individualism, as believed by Herbert Hoover?

    <p>The idea that individuals should solve their problems without government assistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ was a high tariff passed in 1930 that worsened the Great Depression.

    <p>Hawley-Smoot Tariff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Unit 2: Imperialism

    • Imperialism: A stronger nation extending its power over weaker ones.
    • Annexation: Incorporating a territory into a country.
    • Grover Cleveland: 22nd/24th President, opposed Hawaiian annexation.
    • William Randolph Hearst: Sensationalist journalist ("yellow journalism"), fueled Spanish-American War support.
    • Joseph Pulitzer: Similar to Hearst, used yellow journalism for Spanish-American War support.
    • Social Darwinism: Applying Darwin's theory to justify imperialism ("survival of the fittest").
    • Manifest Destiny: Belief that the U.S. was destined to expand.
    • Nationalism: Intense national pride driving expansion.
    • Alfred T. Mahan: Naval officer, promoted naval supremacy as crucial for national power.
    • Seward's Purchase: Acquisition of Alaska from Russia, initially criticized but valuable for resources.
    • Treaty of Kanagawa: Opened Japanese ports to American ships, ending Japan's isolation.
    • Commodore Matthew Perry: Led the expedition to Japan resulting in the Treaty of Kanagawa.
    • International Pan-American Conference: Meetings between U.S. and Latin American nations to promote cooperation.
    • Yellow Journalism: Sensationalist journalism.
    • William McKinley: President during Spanish-American War, oversaw territorial expansion.
    • Queen Liliuokalani: Last Hawaiian monarch, overthrown.
    • U.S.S. Maine: Exploded in Havana Harbor, blamed on Spain, sparking the Spanish-American War.
    • De Lôme Letter: Leaked, critical of President McKinley, inflamed anti-Spanish sentiment.
    • Spanish-American War: Conflict between Spain and U.S., resulted in U.S. control of Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico.
    • Bayonet Constitution: Restricted Hawaiian monarch's power, increased American/European influence.
    • Newlands Resolution: Formal annexation of Hawaii.
    • Treaty of Paris (1898): Ended Spanish-American War, Spain ceded territories to U.S.
    • Jones-Shafroth Act: Granted U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans.
    • Rough Riders: Volunteer cavalry led by Theodore Roosevelt.
    • San Juan Hill/Kettle Hill: Crucial battles in Cuba during the Spanish-American War.
    • George Dewey: U.S. naval officer who won the Battle of Manila Bay.
    • Battle of Manila Bay: Dewey's victory secured the Philippines for the U.S.
    • Platt Amendment: Allowed U.S. intervention in Cuba and maintained a naval base.
    • Foraker Act: Established a civilian government in Puerto Rico.
    • Insular Cases: Determined constitutional rights for U.S. territories.
    • Resident Commissioner: Puerto Rican representative in U.S. Congress (no vote).
    • Unincorporated Territories: Territories not meant to become states, with limited constitutional rights.
    • "A Splendid Little War": Nickname for the Spanish-American War.
    • Protectorate: A dependent political entity under another's protection.
    • Teller Amendment: U.S. pledge not to annex Cuba.
    • Filipino Insurrection/Philippine-American War: Conflict after the Spanish-American War.
    • Scorched-earth: Military tactic of destroying resources.
    • Reconcentration camps: Used to prevent aiding guerilla fighters.
    • Emilio Aguinaldo: Led Filipino rebellions against the Spanish and U.S.
    • William Howard Taft: First Governor of the Philippines, aimed at improving infrastructure and education.
    • Jones Act: Promised eventual Philippine independence.
    • Spheres of Influence: Areas with foreign economic/political power, often associated with China.
    • Open Door Policy: Called for equal trading in China and its territorial integrity.
    • Boxer Rebellion: Chinese uprising against foreign influence.
    • Russo-Japanese War: Conflict over territories, Roosevelt intervened.
    • Gentlemen's Agreement: Informal agreement to limit Japanese immigration.
    • Monroe Doctrine: U.S. warning against European colonization in the Americas.
    • John Hay: U.S. Secretary of State instrumental in the Open Door Policy and Treaty of Paris.
    • Roosevelt Corollary: Extended Monroe Doctrine, allowed U.S. intervention in Latin America.
    • The Great White Fleet: Naval demonstration of U.S. power.
    • Big Stick Diplomacy: Using a strong military to back up diplomacy.
    • Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty: Allowed U.S. construction of the Panama Canal.
    • Panama Canal: Waterway connecting Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
    • Dollar Diplomacy: Using economic investment to promote U.S. interests.
    • Moral Diplomacy: Promoting American ideals and values in foreign relations.
    • Pancho Villa: Mexican revolutionary causing U.S. intervention.

    Unit 3: World War I

    • The Great War: Another name for World War I.
    • Militarism: Importance of a strong military.
    • Alliances: Agreements between countries.
    • Imperialism: Powerful nations extending their influence.
    • Nationalism: Intense national pride.
    • Archduke Franz Ferdinand: Austrian heir assassinated, triggering WWI.
    • Young Bosnians: Nationalist group in Bosnia.
    • Gavrilo Princip: Assassinated Archduke Ferdinand.
    • Slavs: Ethnic group in Eastern Europe with nationalistic aspirations.
    • Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria.
    • Triple Entente: France, Russia, Great Britain.
    • The Allies: Allied against Central Powers.
    • Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy.
    • The Balkans: Southeastern Europe.
    • Woodrow Wilson: U.S. President during WWI.
    • "Impartial in thought as well as action": U.S. initial stance of neutrality in WWI.
    • Diplomacy: Negotiating to resolve conflicts.
    • First Battle of the Marne: Halted German advance, started trench warfare.
    • Unrestricted Submarine Warfare: German naval strategy.
    • Blockade: Allied strategy to cut off supplies to Central Powers.
    • Preparedness: Military readiness for possible U.S. involvement.
    • Stalemate: Neither side gaining an advantage in a conflict.
    • War of Attrition: Wearing down the enemy through continuous losses.
    • Western Front: Primarily in Belgium and France.
    • Eastern Front: Primarily located in Russia.
    • Schlieffen Plan: German strategy to quickly defeat France.
    • Italian Front: Battleground in the Alps between Italy and Austria-Hungary.
    • Gallipoli Campaign: Allied attack on Ottoman Empire, failed.
    • Salonika Campaign: Supporting Serbia against Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria.
    • Mesopotamia Campaign: Allied attacks on Ottoman Empire, sought resource control.
    • Egypt-Palestine Campaign: Allied attacks to secure Suez Canal.
    • Africa Campaigns: Fighting in German colonies.
    • The Lusitania: British passenger ship sunk by a German U-boat, outraged U.S.
    • Zimmerman Telegram: Secret communication proposing alliance between Germany and Mexico, contributed to U.S. entry.
    • Sussex Pledge: Germany's promise to restrain submarine warfare.
    • “He kept us out of the war”: Wilson's campaign slogan for neutrality.
    • No Man's Land: Territory between trenches.
    • Trench Foot: Medical condition in trenches.
    • Selective Service Act: Authorized soldiers' draft.
    • War Industries Board (WIB): Coordinated war material production.
    • Bernard Baruch: Chaired WIB.
    • Food Administration: Managed food production and distribution.
    • Committee on Public Information (CPI): Promoted the war effort and public opinion.
    • George Creel: Head of CPI.
    • National War Labor Board (NWLRB): Mediated labor disputes.
    • Fuel Administration: Managed fuel distribution.
    • Espionage Act: Outlawed disloyal activities.
    • Sedition Act: Add-on to Espionage Act, outlawed anti-war statements.
    • Eugene V. Debs: Socialist arrested for anti-war speech.
    • Charles Schenck: Charged under Espionage Act for anti-war pamphlets.
    • Clear and present danger: Supreme Court ruling on speech restriction during war.
    • Russian Revolution: Overthrew Tsar Nicholas II.
    • Bolsheviks: Radical communist faction led by Vladimir Lenin.
    • Vladimir Lenin: Leader of Bolsheviks.
    • Tsar Nicholas II: Last Emperor of Russia.
    • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: Peace treaty between Russia and Central Powers.
    • General John J. Pershing: Commander of American forces.
    • AEF (American Expeditionary Force): American military unit in Europe.
    • Doughboys: Slang for American soldiers.
    • Second Battle of the Marne: Significant Allied offensive.
    • Treaty of Versailles: Ended WWI, imposed penalties on Germany.
    • Fourteen Points: Woodrow Wilson's peace plan.
    • League of Nations: International organization to maintain peace.
    • Self-determination: Nations' right to choose their government.
    • Reparations: Payments from loser to victor.
    • War guilt clause: Germany's responsibility for WWI.
    • Irreconcilables/Internationalists/Reservationists: Senate groups regarding the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations.
    • Yugoslavia/Turkey/Poland/Czechoslovakia/Austria/Hungary: New countries/redrawn borders.
    • Mandate System: League of Nations’ governing of former Ottoman lands.
    • Paris Peace Conference: Meeting of Allied powers to determine post-war Europe.

    Unit 4: Roaring 20s

    • Henry Ford: Assembly line and mass production.
    • Prohibition: Nationwide ban on alcohol.
    • 18th Amendment: Prohibited alcohol.
    • Volstead Act: Defined alcohol and violations.
    • 21st Amendment: Repealed Prohibition.
    • Rum Runners/Bootleggers: Illegal alcohol transport/sale.
    • Speakeasies: Illicit bars during Prohibition.
    • Red Grange: Football icon, "Galloping Ghost".
    • Babe Ruth: Legendary baseball player.
    • Curse of the Bambino: Supposed curse of the Red Sox after selling Babe Ruth.
    • Charlie Chaplin: Silent film actor/director, known for comedy.
    • Louis Armstrong: Jazz musician.
    • Duke Ellington: Jazz composer/musician.
    • Charles Lindbergh: First solo transatlantic flight.
    • Ernest Hemingway: Author of "The Sun Also Rises", "A Farewell to Arms."
    • F. Scott Fitzgerald: Author of "The Great Gatsby."
    • Lost Generation: Disillusioned WWI American writers.
    • Al Capone: Infamous mobster.
    • Jack Dempsey: Famous boxer.
    • Bessie Smith: Iconic blues singer.
    • Warren G. Harding: President during the Roaring Twenties.
    • "A Return to Normalcy": Campaign slogan supporting pre-WWI conservatism.
    • Calvin Coolidge: Harding's successor.
    • Kellogg-Briand Pact: Agreement renouncing war.
    • Teapot Dome Scandal: Political scandal involving oil reserves.
    • Dawes Plan: Rescheduled German reparations payments.
    • Langston Hughes: Harlem Renaissance figure, author/poet.
    • A. Mitchell Palmer: U.S. Attorney General during Red Scare.
    • Palmer Raids: Raids targeting suspected radicals.
    • Jazz Age: Term for the 1920s.
    • Flappers: Independent women of the 1920s; changed fashion, social attitude.
    • Clara Bow: Actress representing the "It Girl" of the 1920s.
    • Mary Pickford: Popular silent film actress.
    • Red Scare: Fear and suspicion of communism.
    • Sacco and Vanzetti: Italian immigrants/anarchists executed.
    • Harlem Renaissance: Movement celebrating African American culture.
    • John Scopes: Teacher in the Scopes Monkey Trial.
    • Scopes Monkey Trial: Trial challenging the ban on teaching evolution.

    Unit 5: Great Depression

    • Great Depression: Severe worldwide economic downturn (1929-1939).
    • GDP: Total value of goods/services produced.
    • GDP = C + I + G + (X - M): Formula for GDP calculation showing components.
    • C (Consumer Spending), I (Investment), G (Government Spending) (X-M) (Net Exports): Components of GDP.
    • Business Cycle: Natural pattern of economic growth and decline.
    • Expansion/Peak/Contraction/Trough: Stages of the business cycle.
    • Recession/Depression: Types of economic downturns.
    • Buying on the Margin: Purchasing stocks with borrowed money, risky.
    • Stock/Speculation: Share ownership, risky investments.
    • Panic Selling: Rapid stock selling out of fear.
    • Black Tuesday (1929): Stock market crash, beginning of Great Depression.
    • Bull/Bear Market: Periods of rising/falling stock prices.
    • Bank Runs: Large withdraws from banks, causing failures.
    • Bread/Soup Lines: Lines for food relief during the Depression.
    • Hoovervilles: Shantytowns for the homeless.
    • Hobos/Boxcar Boys/Girls: Homeless individuals traveling the country.
    • Tenant Farmers/Migratory Workers: Farmers and laborers who traveled for work.
    • Dust Bowl: Severe dust storms damaging the Great Plains.
    • Okies: Migrants from the Dust Bowl.
    • Herbert Hoover: President at the start of the Depression, criticized for ineffective response.
    • Rugged Individualism/Volunteerism: Hoover's response to the Depression, relying less on government intervention.
    • Reconstruction Finance Corporation: Provided loans to boost the economy.
    • Hawley-Smoot Tariff: High tariff worsening Depression.
    • Trickle-Down Economics: Help the wealthy to benefit everyone down the line.
    • Bonus Army: WWI veterans demanding bonus payments, forcibly removed from Washington D.C..
    • Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR): Elected President during Depression, implemented New Deal.
    • First New Deal: FDR's initial programs for relief, recovery, and reform.
    • Relief/Recovery/Reform: Goals of the New Deal.
    • Fireside Chats: FDR's radio addresses to the public.
    • Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC): Insured bank deposits.
    • Emergency Banking Bill: Stopped bank runs through a national banking holiday.
    • Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC): Regulated the stock market.
    • Keynesian Economics: Government intervention is needed to pull the economy out of a Depression.
    • Public Works Projects: Government-funded construction projects.
    • Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA): Stabilized agricultural prices.
    • Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA): Developed the Tennessee Valley region.
    • Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC): Provided jobs for young men.
    • National Recovery Administration (NRA): Regulated industries (part of the NIRA).
    • Public Works Administration (PWA): Large-scale infrastructure projects.
    • Second New Deal: Programs focusing on social reforms.
    • Rural Electrification Administration (REA): Brought electricity to rural areas.
    • Social Security: Provided financial support for retirees.
    • Wagner Act: Protected workers' rights to unionize.
    • Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA): Set minimum wages and standards.
    • Works Progress Administration (WPA): Employed many in public works.
    • Court-packing: FDR’s proposal to add more justices to the Supreme Court.
    • Schechter Poultry v. United States: Supreme Court ruling against the NRA.
    • Owen J. Roberts: Justice whose vote supported the Wagner Act.
    • Francis Townsend/Huey Long: Individuals proposing alternative solutions and criticisms of the New Deal.
    • Welfare State: Concept of government responsibility for citizens' well-being.

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