Unit 2: Care of High-Risk Pregnancies
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a category of risk factors for pregnancy?

  • Biophysical
  • Behavioral
  • Psychological
  • Environmental (correct)

    • Hypertension during pregnancy is considered a medical risk factor.

    True (A)

    What is the primary role of a nurse in managing high-risk pregnancies?

    Identify risk factors and assess their potential impact on pregnancy outcome.

    Prolonged shifts, extreme heat, and exposure to radiation are examples of ______ hazards.

    <p>occupational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following maternal mortality causes with their corresponding classifications:

    <p>Normal delivery and complications during labor, delivery, and puerperium = Normal delivery complications Hypertension complicating pregnancy = Hypertension Postpartum hemorrhage = Postpartum complications Pregnancy and abortive outcome = Pregnancy loss Hemorrhage related to pregnancy = Hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A common symptom of toxoplasmosis is a loss of appetite.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the drug of choice for treating toxoplasmosis?

    <p>Pyrimethamine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The causative agent of syphilis is ______.

    <p>Treponema pallidum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for syphilis in a pregnant woman infected in the first trimester?

    <p>Benzathine penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following infections with their causative agents:

    <p>Toxoplasmosis = Toxoplasma gondii Syphilis = Treponema pallidum Fifth disease = Parvovirus B19 Rubella = Rubella virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can result from a rubella infection during pregnancy?

    <p>Congenital heart defects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is safe for a woman to get pregnant immediately after receiving the MMR vaccine.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the supplement that may be given to pregnant women with toxoplasmosis to mitigate the effects of certain medications?

    <p>Calcium folinate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a complication associated with cytomegalovirus infection?

    <p>Deafness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytomegalovirus can only be transmitted through sexual contact.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the drug of choice for treating herpes simplex infections?

    <p>Acyclovir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytomegalovirus can be diagnosed with blood and ______ tests.

    <p>urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the complications with their associated virus:

    <p>Cytomegalovirus = Deafness Herpes Simplex = Congenital anomalies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

    A common virus that can cause various complications in infants and fetuses, including damage to the nervous system, eyes, ears, and liver.

    Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

    A virus that spreads through saliva and other body fluids, often causing mild symptoms in adults but potentially severe complications in newborns.

    Herpes Simplex

    A virus that can cause various infections, including oral and genital herpes, with symptoms like fluid-filled blisters. It can also lead to complications in newborns, especially if contracted during pregnancy.

    Blueberry-muffin Lesions

    A symptom associated with Cytomegalovirus infection in fetuses, characterized by small red spots under the skin.

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    Acyclovir

    A common way to treat Herpes Simplex infections.

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    Toxoplasmosis

    A parasitic infection that can be contracted through contact with infected cat feces or contaminated food.

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    Flu-like symptoms

    A common symptom of toxoplasmosis that causes body aches and chills.

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    Pyrimethamine

    The drug of choice for treating toxoplasmosis.

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    Folic acid

    A supplement that is necessary to prevent deficiencies when taking Pyrimethamine, as it can interfere with folic acid absorption.

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    Syphilis

    A bacterial infection that can be transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy.

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    Benzathine penicillin

    The drug of choice for treating syphilis during the first trimester of pregnancy.

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    Parvovirus B19 (Fifth disease)

    A viral infection that can cause serious complications in a developing fetus, including fetal death.

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    Rubella

    A viral infection, also known as German measles, that can cause congenital defects in a developing fetus, affecting organs like the heart, brain, eyes, and ears.

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    High-Risk Pregnancy

    Pregnancy where mother and fetus are at increased risk due to health issues or pregnancy-specific complications.

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    Risk Factors in Pregnancy

    Factors that increase the chance of poor outcomes in pregnancy, categorized as biophysical, behavioral, psychological, or socio-demographic.

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    Biophysical Risk Factors

    Includes genetic, medical, and obstetric conditions that put pregnancies at increased risk.

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    Behavioral Risk Factors

    Factors related to personal habits or choices that affect pregnancy outcomes, including nutrition, substance use, and violence.

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    Psychological Risk Factors

    Factors related to a woman's mental health, including lack of prenatal care and stress.

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    Socio-Demographic Risk Factors

    Factors related to social and economic conditions that affect pregnancy health, such as age, marital status, income, ethnicity, and work environment.

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    Nurse's Role in High-Risk Pregnancy

    Identifying and understanding risk factors to predict potential pregnancy complications.

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    TORCH Infections

    A group of infections that can harm the fetus during pregnancy, including toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus.

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    Study Notes

    Unit 2: Care of At-Risk/High Risk and Sick Mother

    • High-risk pregnancies pose special care needs due to factors like high blood pressure, gestational diabetes, twin pregnancies, and early pregnancies.

    • High-risk pregnancies are defined as those where maternal or fetal life is at risk due to a co-existing disorder or unique to the pregnancy.

    Categories of High-Risk Pregnancies

    • 1. Biophysical: Genetic disorders like trisomy 13.

    • Medical: Conditions like hypertension, congestive heart failure, and asthma.

    • Obstetric: Issues like dystocia (difficult labor).

    • 2. Behavioral:

      • Nutritional status
      • Substance abuse
      • Dental hygiene
      • Domestic abuse and violence

    • 3. Psychological: Failure to seek prenatal care, extreme stress.

    • 4. Socio-demographic:

      • Maternal age
      • Parity (number of previous pregnancies)
      • Marital status
      • Residence
      • Ethnicity
      • Income : Racial and ethnic origin, occupational hazards (prolonged shifts, extreme heat, exposure to radiation).

    Causes of Maternal Mortality

    • Normal delivery complications during labor, delivery, and the puerperium (postpartum period).
    • Hypertension complications during pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium.
    • Postpartum hemorrhage
    • Pregnancy loss (miscarriage, stillbirth)
    • Hemorrhage related to pregnancy.

    Maternal Infection: TORCH

    • 1. Toxoplasmosis: Caused by the Toxoplasma gondii parasite.

      • Sources: Undercooked meat, infected cats (cat feces).
      • Complications: Damage to the central nervous system (brain), eyes, and other organs.
      • Symptoms can vary, ranging from no symptoms to flu-like symptoms like fever, aching body, headache, tiredness, feeling sick, and sore throat.
      • Treatment: Pyrimethamine (drug of choice), supplemented with folic acid.
      • Diagnosis: Blood tests.
      • Possible outcomes in babies: Babies can be born seemingly healthy, but later develop problems such as eye infections, hearing problems, seizures, learning difficulties, and delayed growth.
      • Ways to get infected: Eating raw or undercooked meat, eating cured meats, eating raw oysters, clams or mussels, drinking unpasteurized goats' milk or products made from it, contact with sheep or lambs, eating unwashed fruits, and vegetables contaminated with cat feces, touching cat feces and then touching food.

    • 2. Other Infections:

      • Syphilis: Caused by Treponema pallidum. Infection is most likely to occur in the second or third trimester, which can lead to congenital anomalies, extreme rhinitis, and characteristic rash. Treatment: Benzathine penicillin (appropriate to stage of infection)
      • Varicella Zoster (Chickenpox): Can cause fetal death in early pregnancy, and can result in anemia and congenital heart disease in later pregnancy.
      • Parvovirus B19 (Fifth Disease): Can cause fetal death. Acquired later in the pregnancy may lead to anemia and congenital heart disease.
      • Rubella: Damage to the fetal heart, brain, eyes, and ears. A woman is not advised to get pregnant at least three months after a vaccination.

    • 4. Cytomegalovirus (CMV): Common virus spread through saliva or body fluids.

      • Causes damage to CNS, eyes, ears, and liver. This can be manifested in the fetus in the form of "Blueberry-muffin lesions" (large petechiae).
      • Symptoms: Fatigue, swollen glands, fever, chills, sore throat, muscle aches, headache, antibiotic rash, changes in liver function, mononucleosis syndrome.
      • Transmission: Saliva, semen, vaginal fluids, blood, urine, breast milk. Also through sexual contact, blood transfusions, and organ transplants.
      • Diagnosis: Blood and urine tests, biopsy, eye tests, and imaging tests.

    • 5. Herpes Simplex: Causes oral and genital herpes; fluid-filled blisters are a common symptom.

      • Fetal effects vary, depending on the trimester of infection,. First trimester: congenital anomalies, spontaneous abortion. Second and third trimester: preterm labor, intrauterine growth retardation, continuing infection at birth.
      • Treatment: Acyclovir.
      • If the mother has genital herpes, a cesarean section is typically recommended.

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    Maternal Health Unit 2 PDF

    Description

    This quiz focuses on the care of at-risk and high-risk pregnancies, detailing the various categories that can affect maternal and fetal health. Topics include biophysical, medical, obstetric, behavioral, psychological, and socio-demographic factors that contribute to high-risk pregnancies.

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