Unit 1 Science Assessment

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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of the term orbital?

Regions where there is a 95% probability of locating an electron. An orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons.

What are the two main types of covalent bonds?

Single and double
Dative and covalent (correct)
Standard and ionic
Standard and dative

What are the four types of intermolecular forces?

Hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole forces and Van der Waals forces
Hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole forces, London dispersion forces, and Van der Waals forces (correct)
Hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction, dipole-dipole forces, and London dispersion forces
London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, and Van der Waals forces

The strongest from of intermolecular force is a ______ bond.

hydrogen Signup and view all the answers

Which of these examples is an ionic compound, a covalent compound or a metal?

Sodium chloride (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the equation for the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid, the '1' in front of the CaCO3 indicates that one mole of calcium carbonate reacts with two moles of hydrochloric acid.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of the term mole?

A unit of substance equivalent to the number of atoms in 12 g of carbon-12. 1 mole of a compound has a mass equal to its relative atomic mass expressed in grams. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of the term empirical formula?

This shows the ratio between elements in a chemical compound. It is useful when discussing giant structures such a sodium chloride. Signup and view all the answers

What does the relative formula mass of water tell you?

The mass of one mole of water (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a standard solution?

A solution of known concentration used in volumetric analysis. Signup and view all the answers

The speed of light in a vacuum is a law of physics, not an experimentally observed fact.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is diffraction?

A key characteristic of all waves, and it means the tendency of a wave to spread out in all directions, transferring energy to its surroundings as it does so. (D) Signup and view all the answers

A diffraction grating is a flat plane object that has a series of ______ lines formed on it that block parts of an advancing wave-front.

regular Signup and view all the answers

If a wave-front meets a diffraction grating, some of the wave's energy may be absorbed by the grating, but the remainder can be [blank] or [blank]

reflected, transmitted (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of coherence?

'Sticking together and is used to describe waves whose superposition gives a visible interference pattern. To be coherent, waves must share the same frequency and same wavelength and have a constant phase difference.' Signup and view all the answers

Photons are 'packets of energy' that can only be explained by wave theory.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is not a way of making a stationary wave?

A tuning fork (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of resonance?

The storing of energy in an oscillation or a stationary wave, the energy coming from an external source of appropriate frequency. Signup and view all the answers

A guitar string produces music by creating stationary waves.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is total internal reflection?

When the light ray comes to the other side of the glass block and tries to leave, back out into the air, or ideally into a vacuum, the light wave will speed up. That makes the wave-front turn back towards the direction in which it was travelling before it entered the glass. Signup and view all the answers

What are the advantages of using fibre optic cables for communication?

They are more reliable than using copper and can travel far longer distances without the need for boosters. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of fibre optic cable?

Multimode and single mode. Signup and view all the answers

What is the speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum?

2.997 925 x 10^8 m/s (B) Signup and view all the answers

The strength of electromagnetic waves decreases with the inverse square of the distance from the source.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why can we see the rainbow?

Sunlight is refracted and reflected off raindrops, and this separates different wavelengths of light. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between analogue and digital signals?

Analogue signals are where the strength of the signal is proportional to the quantity being represented, while digital signals are where a string of numbers is used, to represent the quantity being measured. Signup and view all the answers

What does wave division multiplexing mean?

This is a technique used in fibre optics to transmit many different wavelengths of light down the same fibre at the same time, with each wavelength carrying a different channel of data. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of cells?

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Signup and view all the answers

What are organelles?

Specialised structures found within a living cell. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of a nucleus?

It contains genetic information and controls the activities of the cell. It is the largest organelle and is surrounded by a nuclear envelope, which is made up of a double membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of mitochondria?

They are responsible for the final stages of cellular respiration, which releases energy for the organism. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of lysosomes?

They contain hydrolytic enzymes that break down waste material inside the cell. They have a spherical shape and are surrounded by a membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus?

They modify and package proteins into vesicles for use inside the cell or outside the cell. It is a stack of membrane-bound flattened sacs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

It is responsible for synthesising and transporting proteins. It is a network of membrane-bound flattened sacs called cisternae. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

It synthesises and transports lipids and carbohydrates. It is a network of membrane-bound flattened sacs called cisternae, that do not contain protein. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the centrioles?

They are responsible for the formation of spindle fibres for cell division. They are small tubes of protein fibres. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the cell wall in a plant?

It's a strong supporting structure made of cellulose. It helps to protect the cell and keep it rigid. It also maintains turgor pressure, which is the pressure of the cell contents on the cell wall. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a chloroplast?

They are the site of photosynthesis, where light energy is trapped by chlorophyll and used to produce carbohydrate molecules from water and carbon dioxide. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of vacuoles in plant cells?

They maintain turgor and store cell sap, which includes water and dissolved sugars that give the plant a rigid structure. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of plasmodesmata in a plant cell?

They allow transport and communication between individual plant cells. They are microscopic channels that cross the cell walls of plant cells. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal, smooth and cardiac. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of smooth muscle?

It contracts in order to move the walls of hollow organs, such as the stomach and bladder. It is also not under voluntary control. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cardiac muscle?

It contracts in order to make the heartbeat. It is found only in the heart. This means that is not under voluntary control. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of neurons?

They receive and facilitate nerve impulses, or action potentials. They consist of a large cell body, a soma with small projections called dendrites and an axon. Signup and view all the answers

What is a synapse?

This is a small gap between the end of one neuron and the dendrite of the following neuron. This is where nerve impulses travel from one neuron to the next. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between resting potential and action potential?

Resting potential is the potential when the nerve is not transmitting, while an action potential is the potential difference created across the membrane when the nerve is conducting an impulse. Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Atomic Nucleus

The positively charged center of an atom, containing protons and neutrons.

Aufbau Principle

The rule that electrons fill orbitals with lower energy levels before filling those with higher energy levels.