Unit 1: Intellectual Revolutions in Europe

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Questions and Answers

What role did the Scientific Revolution play in shaping modern scientific thought?

The Scientific Revolution emphasized evidence-based reasoning and the scientific method, leading to significant advancements in understanding the natural world.

How did Hobbes' views on government differ from those of Locke?

Hobbes advocated for absolute rule to maintain order, while Locke emphasized natural rights and government by consent.

Describe the significance of the Glorious Revolution in the development of English government.

The Glorious Revolution established constitutional monarchy, limiting royal power and enhancing parliamentary authority.

In what ways did the Enlightenment influence the French Revolution?

<p>Enlightenment ideas about equality and liberty inspired the revolutionary calls for social justice and reform.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Napoleon's reforms reflect the principles of the French Revolution?

<p>Napoleon's reforms, such as the Napoleonic Code, promoted legal equality but also reinstated an authoritarian regime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the main goals of the Congress of Vienna?

<p>The Congress of Vienna aimed to establish a balance of power and restore legitimacy among European monarchies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the ideas of Rousseau have on democratic governance?

<p>Rousseau's concept of the general will emphasized collective decision-making and influenced modern democratic thought.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the principles outlined in the English Bill of Rights contribute to representative government?

<p>The English Bill of Rights established parliamentary representation and limited the powers of the monarchy, reinforcing the rule of law.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the enclosure movement play in the Agricultural Revolution's influence on industrial growth?

<p>The enclosure movement increased food production which allowed fewer laborers to feed the population, freeing up workers for industrial jobs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways did workers respond to poor factory conditions during the industrial era?

<p>Workers formed unions to advocate for better conditions and supported socialist and communist ideologies to push for reforms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the main causes behind European imperialism in the late 19th century?

<p>Industrial demand for resources and nationalist competition among European powers drove imperialism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Berlin Conference of 1884-85 impact Africa's political landscape?

<p>The Berlin Conference formalized the Scramble for Africa, creating arbitrary boundaries that disregarded indigenous cultures and interests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcomes resulted from the unification of Italy and Germany by 1900 in terms of Europe's political map?

<p>The unification of Italy and Germany altered Europe’s balance of power, leading to new alliances and increased tension among European states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how militarism, one of the MANIA causes, contributed to the outbreak of World War I.

<p>Militarism led to an arms race among European nations, creating an environment of tension and suspicion that made war more likely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did alliances formed before World War I exacerbate the conflict?

<p>The complex web of alliances meant that a conflict between two countries could rapidly involve others, escalating into a larger war.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What innovations in warfare emerged during World War I, and how did they change combat?

<p>Innovations such as trench warfare, machine guns, and submarines led to unprecedented levels of destruction and created a stalemate on the Western Front.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Scientific Method

A scientific methodology using empirical evidence and logical reasoning to explain natural phenomena.

Copernicus

He argued that the Earth revolves around the Sun (heliocentric model) contradicting the geocentric model.

Francis Bacon

Focused on using inductive reasoning and observation to advance knowledge.

Hobbes' Leviathan

A political philosophy arguing that absolute power is necessary for social order and stability.

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John Locke's Natural Rights

Philosophical concept stating that individuals have inherent rights, such as the right to life, liberty, and property.

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Social Contract Theory

Promoted the idea of government by consent, where people agree to abide by laws for social order.

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The Glorious Revolution

The peaceful transition of power from James II to William and Mary establishing a constitutional monarchy in England.

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English Bill of Rights

A document signed in 1689 that enshrined certain rights for Parliament and citizens, limiting royal power and establishing freedom of speech and religion.

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Nationalism

The process of unifying different territories under a single national identity and government. It often involves political reforms, territorial expansion, and a shared sense of cultural and historical heritage.

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Realpolitik

A political philosophy and practice that emphasizes national interests, strength, and unity above all else.

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Industrialization

The rapid development of new technologies and industrial processes, leading to increased production, economic growth, and societal changes.

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Labor Unions

A system where workers organize themselves to improve their working conditions and negotiate better wages and benefits.

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Imperialism

The expansion of a nation's power and influence through the acquisition of colonies and territories.

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Civilizing Mission

A theory that justifies imperialism by arguing that stronger nations have a duty to civilize and control weaker ones.

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Berlin Conference

A conference held in 1884-85 to regulate European colonization and trade in Africa. It led to the division of Africa into colonial territories without consulting African leaders.

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Scramble for Africa

The increased competition between European powers for colonies and resources, fueled by industrialization and nationalism.

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Study Notes

Unit 1: Intellectual Revolutions in Europe (1500-1800)

  • Scientific Revolution:

    • Key figures: Copernicus, Galileo, Newton
    • Shift to evidence-based reasoning, pioneered by Bacon

  • Political Philosophies:

    • Hobbes: Advocated for absolute rule (Leviathan)
    • Locke: Championed natural rights (Two Treatises of Government)
    • Montesquieu: Emphasized the separation of powers
    • Rousseau: Proposed the concept of the "general will" (Social Contract)

  • Government Evolution in England:

    • Glorious Revolution established constitutional monarchy
    • English Bill of Rights ensured parliamentary representation

  • Essential Questions:

    • Question 1: How did England transition to a more representative government in the 17th century?
      • Glorious Revolution ended absolute monarchy and strengthened parliamentary power, limiting royal authority.
    • Question 2: How did thinkers like Locke and Rousseau challenge absolutism?
      • Locke stressed natural rights and social contract, while Rousseau argued for popular sovereignty and the "general will."
    • Question 3: How did Enlightenment ideals influence 19th-century reform movements?
    • Enlightenment ideals of reason, liberty, and progress influenced 19th-century reform movements such as abolitionism and women's suffrage.

Unit 2: The French Revolution and Napoleon

  • French Revolution:

    • Causes: Enlightenment ideas and social inequality
    • Key Events: Tennis Court Oath, Storming of the Bastille, Reign of Terror
    • Reforms: Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, Constitution of 1791

  • Napoleon:

    • Rise to power through military success (coup d'état)
    • Reforms: Napoleonic Code, lycées, concordat
    • Fall: Continental System, Peninsular War, Waterloo

Unit 3: Nationalism, Imperialism, and Industrialization

  • Nationalism:

    • Key examples: Unification of Italy (Victor Emmanuel II, Cavour, Garibaldi) and Germany (Bismarck)

  • Industrialization:

    • Key innovations: Steam engine, factories
    • Effects: Urbanization, child labor, sanitation challenges
    • Responses: Labor unions, factory acts
    • Economic theories: Adam Smith (laissez-faire), Karl Marx (Communist Manifesto)

  • Imperialism:

    • Justifications: Social Darwinism, "civilizing mission"
    • Key event: Berlin Conference (1884-85)
    • Impact on Africa: Established European rules for colonization, exploitation of resources and people, ignoring indigenous cultures and sovereignty

Unit 4: World War I

  • Causes (MANIA):

    • Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, Assassination

  • Warfare Innovations:

    • Trench warfare, machine guns, submarines, aerial surveillance

  • Key Events:

    • Battles: Somme, Verdun
    • Fronts: Eastern and Western

  • Essential Questions:

    • Question 1: How did MANIA contribute to the outbreak of World War I?
    • Complex web of alliances and aggressive nationalism escalated localized tensions into global conflict.
    • Question 2: How did technological advancements impact the war?
      • Innovations like machine guns and chemical weapons increased lethality, leading to high casualties and prolonged stalemate.
    • Question 3: What were the effects of World War I on global politics and societies?
      • War reshaped borders, dismantled empires, and laid the groundwork for future conflicts like World War II.

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