Unit 1: Climate Change

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Questions and Answers

Which of these is NOT a major source of methane emissions?

Landfills

Fossil Fuel Extraction

Volcanic Eruptions (correct)

Agriculture

What is the primary reason for cells to divide?

To increase the size of the organism

To produce specialized cells for different functions

To repair damaged tissues

All of the above (correct)

Which phase of mitosis involves chromosomes aligning at the cell's equator?

Anaphase

Metaphase (correct)

Telophase

Prophase

Which of these is NOT a direct effect of global warming caused by excess CO₂?

Increase in volcanic activity Signup and view all the answers

Which greenhouse gas is primarily released by livestock digestion?

Methane (CH₄) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of DNA in a cell?

Carries genetic information Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a benefit of transitioning to renewable energy sources?

Reduced greenhouse gas emissions Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a gene and a chromosome?

A gene is a segment of DNA, while a chromosome is a long thread-like structure of DNA. Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature distinguishes plant cells from animal cells?

Chloroplasts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organ systems is responsible for gas exchange in humans?

Respiratory System Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Golgi apparatus play within an animal cell?

Packaging and transport Signup and view all the answers

In a Bohr-Rutherford diagram, what do the arrangement of electrons represent?

The energy levels of the electrons Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chemical reaction is represented by the equation A + B → AB?

Synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is true of cations?

They lose electrons and become positively charged. Signup and view all the answers

How does one typically name ionic compounds?

Name the metal first, then the non-metal with an '-ide' ending Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of the stable octet rule in chemistry?

Atoms bond to achieve a stable electron configuration of 8 electrons Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lysosomes in animal cells?

Digestion of macromolecules Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is a molecular compound?

CO₂ Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Unit 1: Climate Change

Greenhouse Gases (Most Impactful):
- Carbon Dioxide (CO₂): Primarily from burning fossil fuels & deforestation. Leading human-caused greenhouse gas.
- Methane (CH₄): Potent greenhouse gas, from livestock, landfills, and agriculture.
- Nitrous Oxide (N₂O): Released largely from agriculture (fertilizers) and industry (waste).
- Fluorinated Gases: Synthetic gases used industrially in refrigerants, solvents. High global warming potential.
Major Methane Sources:
- Agriculture (livestock digestion, mainly cattle).
- Landfills (organic waste decomposition).
- Fossil Fuel Extraction (leaks during production/transport).
- Wetlands (natural decomposition processes in waterlogged soils).
Climate Change Problem/Solution:
- Problem: Global warming due to excess CO₂.
- Severity: Rising temperatures lead to ice melt, extreme weather, sea-level rise, and harm biodiversity/human life.
- Solution: Transition to renewable energy.
  - Renewable Energy (Examples): Solar, Wind, Hydroelectric.
  - Impact: Reduced dependence on fossil fuels lowers CO₂ emissions, and thus global warming.
  - Benefits of Renewable Energy: Sustainable & clean, decreases greenhouse gases, and mitigates climate change impacts.

Unit 2: Biology

Cell Division:
- Purpose: Growth, repair, and reproduction.
- Human Chromosome Count: 46 (23 pairs) in most cells.
- Daughter Cells: Identical cells from a single parent cell.
Genetics Concepts:
- DNA: Carries genetic instructions.
- Chromosome: Thread-like structure of DNA in the nucleus.
- Gene: Segment of DNA coding for traits/proteins.
Mitosis Stages:
- Interphase: Cell preparation (G1, S, G2 phases).
- Prophase: Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane dissolves.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes line up at the cell's center.
- Anaphase: Chromosomes pulled towards opposite poles.
- Telophase: New nuclear membranes form.
- Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides, making two separate cells.
Cell Types - Organelles (Plant & Animal):
- Plant Cells: Cell wall, chloroplasts (photosynthesis), large central vacuole.
- Animal Cells: No cell wall, no chloroplasts, small/no vacuoles, rough/smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes.
Plant vs. Animal Cell Differences:
- Cell wall (plants only).
- Chloroplasts (plants only).
- Large central vacuole (plants only).
Tissues & Organs:
- Tissue Types: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous.
- Organization Levels: Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems.
- Example: Blood (connective tissue) → Heart (organ) → Circulatory system (organ system).
Organ Systems in Humans:
- Circulatory System: Transports oxygen, nutrients, waste.
- Respiratory System: Facilitate gas exchange.
- Digestive System: Breaks down food for absorption.

Unit 3: Chemistry

Atomic Structure:
- Neutron: Neutral particle in the nucleus.
- Proton: Positive particle in nucleus.
- Electron: Negative particle orbiting the nucleus.
- Ion: Atom with a charge (gained/lost electrons).
  - Cation: Positive ion (lost electrons);
  - Anion: Negative ion (gained electrons).
Atomic Mass: Sum of protons and neutrons.
Bohr Rutherford Diagram: Shows electron arrangement in energy levels around the nucleus.
Ionic Compound Formation: Example: Na⁺ + Cl⁻ → NaCl (sodium chloride).
Periodic Table:
- Metals: Left/center, tend to lose electrons.
- Nonmetals: Right, tend to gain electrons.
- Metalloids: Combination of metal/nonmetal properties.
Types of Compounds:
- Ionic Compounds: Metals transfer electrons to nonmetals (NaCl).
- Polyatomic Compounds: Contain multiple elements grouped together (Na₂CO₃).
- Molecular Compounds: Nonmetals share electrons (CO₂).
Stable Octet Rule: Atoms bond to have 8 electrons in outer shell.
Nomenclature:
- Ionic Compounds: Metal first, nonmetal with -ide ending (NaCl = Sodium chloride).
- Molecular Compounds: Use prefixes (CO₂ = Carbon dioxide).
Balancing Chemical Equations:
- Law of Conservation: Number of atoms remains same on both sides.
Types of Chemical Reactions:
- Synthesis: A + B → AB
- Decomposition: AB → A + B
- Single Displacement: A + BC → AC + B
- Double Displacement: AB + CD → AD + CB
Acids & Bases:
- Acid: Donates H⁺ ions (HCl).
- Base: Accepts H⁺ or donates OH⁻ ions (NaOH).
- Naming Acids: Hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄).
- Naming Bases: Sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
- pH Scale: Measures acidity/alkalinity (0-7 acidic , 7 neutral, 8-14 basic).

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Explore the impacts of greenhouse gases on climate change in this quiz. Understand the major sources of methane and their contributions to global warming. Learn about the severity of climate change and potential solutions to mitigate its effects.