Unit 1: Civilizations 1200-1450
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Questions and Answers

What prompted the establishment of the rival Empire in the South?

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During which period did the Majapahit Kingdom exist?

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Which geographic region was primarily involved in sea-based empires discussed?

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What was the initial relationship between the Delhi Sultanate and the South?

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What metaphor was used to describe the reaction to imposed rule?

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What was a significant influence on the emergence of the Swahili language?

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Which characteristic defines the political structure of the Swahili civilization?

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How did the conversion to Islam in West African empires primarily occur?

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What were the House of Kingdoms primarily known for?

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What factor contributed to the rapid Islamic integration of the Swahili States into Islamic trade?

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When was the capital city of Great Zimbabwe believed to be built?

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What primarily distinguished the economic activities of the Swahili city-states from those of the House of Kingdoms?

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What social hierarchy was prevalent in the Swahili civilization?

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How did the Majapahit Kingdom primarily maintain its influence in Southeast Asia?

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What was the significance of Angkor Wat in relation to the Khmer Empire?

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What characterized the administration of the Aztec Empire?

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What economic activity was primarily responsible for the wealth of Great Zimbabwe?

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How did the Inca Empire maintain control over its territory?

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Which resource was crucial for the development of the Mississippian culture?

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Which religion did the people of Ethiopia maintain as they grew in power?

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What was a key distinguishing feature of the Mississippian culture's political structure?

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Which of the following accurately describes the political structure of Western Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire?

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The powerful Lords and Kings in feudal Europe gained allegiance from which of the following?

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What was one major difference between how the Aztecs and Incas governed their empires?

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Which civilization is known for its significant involvement in Indian Ocean trade?

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What was the primary role of serfs in the manorial system?

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How did the adoption of Eastern Orthodox Christianity influence the Kievan Rus?

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What was the primary function of the tribute system in the Aztec Empire?

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In addition to being a Hindu temple, what elements were later added to Angkor Wat?

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What kind of religious influence was prominent in Europe, aside from Christianity?

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What was the unique agricultural technique of the Incas called?

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Which group also exerted influence in Europe despite being a minority?

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Which of the following describes the early political structure of the Aztec Empire?

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What was a significant characteristic of Ethiopia compared to other African states during this period?

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What was one impact of the decline of the Majapahit Kingdom?

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What was the primary economic focus of the rulers in Great Zimbabwe besides farming?

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What type of feudal relationship existed between lords and vassals?

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What role did the Roman Catholic Church play in Western European society?

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Which of the following factors contributed to the decline of the Byzantine Empire by 1200?

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What characterized the relationship between nobles and serfs in feudal Europe?

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What was a primary method the Song Dynasty used to maintain its rule?

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What key social concept did Neo-Confucianism emphasize during the Song Dynasty?

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What was the nature of women's rights in Song China compared to earlier dynasties?

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What was the civil service examination based on in the Song Dynasty?

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Which of the following was a significant agricultural innovation during the Song period?

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Which region's governance was influenced by Chinese practices during the Song Dynasty?

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How did the Seljuk Empire relate to the Abbasid Caliphate?

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What was a key factor in the economic development of the Song Dynasty?

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In what way did Buddhism adapt as it spread into East Asia?

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What was one notable cultural achievement from the Islamic Golden Age?

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What significant change occurred in the leadership of Muslim empires during 1200 to 1450?

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What was the primary function of the House of Wisdom established in Baghdad?

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Which of the following accurately describes Sharia law?

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Flashcards

The Vijayanagara Empire

A kingdom established in South India, specifically in the Deccan plateau, due to the failed attempt of the Delhi Sultanate to expand its Muslim rule southward.

The role of former Hindu converts in founding the Vijayanagara Empire

The emissaries sent to the South by the Delhi Sultanate to promote Muslim rule were former Hindus who had converted to Islam under pressure. However, they reverted back to Hinduism once they were far away from their Muslim overlords, leading to the establishment of the Vijayanagara Empire.

What does the 'meatball sub' metaphor represent?

The attempt by the Delhi Sultanate to impose Muslim rule in the South is described as a 'meatball sub' being shoved down people's throats. This metaphor emphasizes the forceful and unwelcome nature of their campaign.

The Majapahit Kingdom in Southeast Asia

The Majapahit Kingdom, founded in 1293 and lasting until 1520, was a major maritime empire based in Java, known for its interactions with China and India.

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The influence of China and India on Southeast Asian empires

The diverse set of maritime and land-based empires in Southeast Asia built their reputations through their interactions with both China and India.

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State in AP World History

A political territory organized under a single government.

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Song Dynasty

Chinese dynasty lasting from 960 to 1279, known for emphasizing Confucianism and building a strong bureaucracy.

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Filial Piety

Confucian thought that emphasizes respect for authority and traditional social hierarchies, especially between family members.

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Neo-Confucianism

A revival of Confucianism that reinterpreted it in light of new ideas and influences.

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Imperial Bureaucracy

A system of government with a hierarchical structure where officials perform specific duties.

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Civil Service Examination

Exam used by the Song dynasty to select qualified candidates for government positions.

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Buddhism

A belief system that originated in India and spread to China.

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Mahayana Buddhism

The branch of Buddhism practiced in East Asia, encouraging broader participation and emphasizing helping others.

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Theravada Buddhism

The branch of Buddhism practiced in Sri Lanka, focusing on monastic life and individual enlightenment.

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Commercialization of the Song Economy

The economic boom of the Song dynasty, marked by increased production, commercial activity, and technological advancements.

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Champa Rice

A variety of rice that matures quickly, resists drought, and can be harvested multiple times a year.

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Dar al-Islam

The area in the world where Islamic faith was dominant, encompassing a vast territory.

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Sharia law

A legal code based on the Quran, used by Islamic rulers to govern their societies.

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Golden Age of Islam

A period of significant intellectual and cultural flourishing in the Abbasid Caliphate.

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Sufism

A Muslim sect emphasizing mystical experiences and openness to adapting to local beliefs.

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What was the Majapahit Kingdom?

A powerful Southeast Asian kingdom located on an island, known for controlling sea trade routes.

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What led to the decline of the Majapahit Kingdom?

The Majapahit Kingdom's decline was triggered by China's support for a rival kingdom.

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Describe the religious evolution of the Khmer Empire.

The Khmer Empire, known for its religious transition, started as a Hindu kingdom but later adopted Buddhism.

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What does Angkor Wat represent in the context of the Khmer Empire?

Angkor Wat, a famous monument in the Khmer Empire, originally built for Hinduism, was later incorporated with Buddhist elements.

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Which major centers of civilization existed in the Americas by 1200?

Mesoamerica and the Andean civilization were the core for the majority of the population by 1200.

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What was the Aztec Empire known for?

Founded in 1345 by the Mexica people, the Aztec Empire was a large and influential civilization in Mesoamerica.

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What was significant about the Aztec capital city, Tenochtitlan?

Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital, was the largest city in the Americas before the Europeans arrived.

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How did the Aztec Empire expand its influence?

The Aztecs formed an alliance with two other Mesoamerican states to establish an expanding empire.

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How did the Aztecs govern their empire?

The Aztec Empire utilized a system of tribute states, requiring conquered populations to provide labor, goods, and resources.

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What was the Inca Empire known for?

The Incas, a powerful Andean civilization, extended their empire nearly across the entire Andean Mountain Range.

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How did the Incas differ from Aztecs in terms of governance?

The Inca Empire implemented a highly centralized system of governance, with elaborate bureaucracies and hierarchies.

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What system did the Inca Empire use for managing conquered populations?

The Inca Empire utilized the 'Mita' system, requiring conquered populations to participate in state projects and labor endeavors.

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Describe the Mississippian culture in North America.

The Mississippian culture, known for its agricultural focus and large-scale towns, emerged as the first major civilization in North America.

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Swahili Language

A hybrid language in East Africa formed from a mix of indigenous African Bantu languages and Arabic. It reflects the cultural exchange and cooperation that occurred through trade between the Swahili and Arab traders.

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Swahili Social Hierarchy

The early Swahili city-states, while politically independent, shared a common social structure with merchants holding a higher status than commoners. This reflects a unified social hierarchy across the Swahili civilization.

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Islamic Influence on Swahili States

The impact of Muslim traders on the Swahili city-states was significant, leading to widespread adoption of Islam. This integration into the wider Islamic world facilitated trade networks and increased cultural exchange.

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West African Empires and Trade

The rise of powerful civilizations in West Africa, including Ghana, Mali, and Songhai, was fueled by trade. This economic activity led to the adoption of Islam among the elite, who saw it as a tool for further expansion and trade connections.

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Islam and Indigenous Beliefs in West Africa

Despite widespread adoption of Islam by the elite in West African Empires, the majority of the population retained their traditional indigenous beliefs and practices. This highlights the complex cultural dynamics within these empires.

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Hausa Kingdoms

The Hausa Kingdoms were a series of city-states in West Africa, similar to the Swahili city-states in the East. They shared a common culture and language, and their power was driven by trade, but unlike the Swahili, their trade network was primarily land-based, focusing on trans-Saharan trade.

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The Great Zimbabwe

The Great Zimbabwe, built between 1250 and 1450, was a major African civilization with a monumental capital city. Its origins and purpose remain debated by historians, but it's clear that it was a complex and powerful society, likely heavily reliant on trade.

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Hausa Kingdoms as Trade Brokers

The Hausa Kingdoms acted as middlemen, facilitating the exchange of goods across the Sahara Desert, connecting North Africa with the sub-Saharan region. This role made them vital players in the trans-Saharan trade networks.

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Great Zimbabwe

A powerful African state that flourished due to extensive trade, becoming wealthy through agriculture and later gold mining.

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Feudalism

Political and economic systems in which power is distributed hierarchically and based on land ownership and loyalty.

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Manorialism

A system of land ownership in which a large estate, called a manor, is controlled by a lord, who rents out the land to peasants in exchange for labor and services.

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Serfs

Peasants who were bound to the land of a lord and obligated to work for him in exchange for protection and a place to live.

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Christianity in Medieval Europe

The two main branches of Christianity in Europe during the 12th and 13th centuries were Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Roman Catholicism.

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Eastern Orthodox Christianity

The Eastern branch of Christianity, which emerged after the fall of the Roman Empire. It dominated the Byzantine Empire and later spread to Russia, the Balkans, and other regions.

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Roman Catholicism

Western branch of Christianity, which centered on Rome and dominated Western Europe. It had a hierarchical structure, with the Pope as its leader.

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Post-Roman Europe

The period after the fall of the Roman Empire in Western Europe, characterized by political fragmentation and the emergence of small decentralized states.

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Antisemitism

The practice of persecuting or discriminating against Jews, often based on religious or cultural differences.

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Spread of Christianity in the Middle East and North Africa

The spread of Christianity in the Middle East and North Africa, where it was established as the dominant religion.

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Ethiopian Christianity

Ethiopia, a state in East Africa, possessed a unique feature among its African counterparts: its adoption of Christianity as its main religion.

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Trade in African and European History

Trade played a crucial role in the growth and prosperity of many African states. This included the states like Great Zimbabwe, the Swahili city-states, and Ethiopia, as well as states in Europe.

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Swahili City-States

The Swahili city-states, located on the eastern coast of Africa, experienced significant economic growth through trade with other regions.

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Centralization of Power

The process of a state becoming more centralized, with a single ruler consolidating power and authority.

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Rise of Monarchies

The monarchs in European states gradually gained power over the nobility, eventually leading to the centralisation of power.

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Study Notes

Unit 1: 1200-1450

  • Time Period: 1200 to 1450 CE
  • Focus: Major civilizations, state building, and justification of rule.
  • Definition of "State": A territory politically organized under a single government (e.g., United States, Japan).

Song Dynasty (China)

  • Dates: 960-1279 CE
  • Rule Justification: Emphasized Confucianism (neo-Confucianism).
  • Neo-Confucianism: A revival of Confucianism with a focus on resisting Buddhist influence and maintaining a hierarchical social order.
  • Filial Piety: Children's obedience and respect for parents and ancestors was emphasized to maintain social harmony.
  • Women's Roles: Subordinate position, limited access to education, and foot binding emerged as status symbols for elites.
  • Imperial Bureaucracy: Expanded through a civil service examination based on Confucianism to select qualified candidates for bureaucratic positions, despite a reality where wealth often determined eligibility.

Dar al-Islam

  • Definition: Regions of the world where Islam was the organizing principle of civilizations.
  • Shift in Power: The Abbasid caliphate (Arab) declined, replaced by Turkic Empires (e.g., Seljuk Empire).
  • Seljuk Empire: A Central Asian Turkic Empire that rose in power in the 11th Century.
  • Islamic Legal System: Sharia law continued as the organizing principle of legal systems.
  • Cultural and Scientific Achievements: Preservation of Greek philosophical works and development of mathematics (e.g., Nasir al-Din al-Tusi). House of Wisdom library in Baghdad was a crucial knowledge preservation center during the Golden Age of Islam.
  • Expansion Methods: Military conquest, merchant networks (trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean trade), and Sufi missionary activities.

South and Southeast Asia

  • Belief Systems: Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam were influential.
  • South Asia: Buddhism declined, while Hinduism and Islam rose in prominence with the Delhi Sultanate. The Bhakti movement emphasized devotion to a single Hindu god.
  • State Building: Pockets of Hindu resistance (Rajput Kingdoms, Vijayanagara Empire) challenged Muslim rule in Northern and Central India
  • Southeast Asia: Majapahit (island-based Buddhist kingdom) and Khmer Empire (land-based, initially Hindu, later Buddhist) competed for influence. Angkor Wat reflects the blending of Hindu and Buddhist religious traditions.

Americas

  • Mesoamerica: Aztec Empire (1345), characterized by an elaborate tribute system and human sacrifice.
  • Andean Civilization: Inca Empire incorporated existing societies; centralized bureaucracy; Mita system (labor service).
  • North America: Mississippian Culture, characterized by large towns and monumental mounds in the Mississippi River valley.

Africa

  • East Africa: Swahili civilization, a network of city-states engaged in Indian Ocean trade; influenced by Islam, developing a hybrid language.
  • West Africa: Ghana, Mali, Songhai Empires; initially independent; often dominated by indigenous beliefs, with elite conversions to Islam. Hausaland was a collection of city-states.
  • Great Zimbabwe: Powerful state based on agriculture and cattle herding; involved in trade, wealth, and gold, but without widespread conversion to Islam.
  • Ethiopia: Christian state; hierarchical power structure.

Europe

  • Belief Systems: Eastern Orthodox Christianity in the Byzantine Empire; Roman Catholicism throughout Western Europe.
  • Political Organization: Decentralized States, Feudalism (lords and vassals exchanging land for military service), Manorialism (manor and serfs).
  • Economic Organization: Serfdom tied peasants to the land of powerful landowners, initially decentralized.

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Explore the major civilizations and state-building efforts from 1200 to 1450 CE, with a focus on the Song Dynasty in China. Understand the role of Confucianism, women's position in society, and the expansion of the imperial bureaucracy. Test your knowledge on the political organization and justification of rule during this pivotal period.

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